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      CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E NEUROCIÊNCIAS: UM CONFRONTO CRÍTICO A PARTIR DE UM CONTEXTO EDUCACIONAL Translated title: SCIENCES HUMAINES ET NEUROSCIENCES: UNE CONFRONTATION CRITIQUE À PARTIR D’UN CONTEXTE ÉDUCATIF Translated title: HUMAN SCIENCES AND NEUROSCIENCES: A CRITICAL CONFRONTATION AS SEEN FROM A BRAZILIAN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT

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          Abstract

          A antropologia contemporânea tem se aberto com grande entusiasmo para uma revisão das bases tradicionais da oposição entre “natureza” e “cultura”, seguindo tendências antirrepresentacionalistas e hiperempiristas que se fundam em um conjunto complexo de argumentos filosóficos e éticos. Ao mesmo tempo, novas configurações das ciências naturais retomam os postulados mecanicistas originais dessa área. O vasto campo contemporâneo das neurociências tem sido pródigo em propostas materialistas deterministas, ao explorar a conexão cerebral da experiência humana com potentes recursos e ambições de grande envergadura. A coetaneidade desses movimentos sugere que se resuma em que se aproximam e se distinguem esses “naturalismos” biomédicos e antropológicos. Mas se trata aqui sobretudo de resumir os principais fios do diálogo tenso que se vai desenhando entre as posições características dos dois grandes campos, com importantes desafios para o empreendimento antropológico; tal como expresso nas exposições do recente Museu do Amanhã, no Rio de Janeiro.

          Translated abstract

          L’anthropologie contemporaine s’est ouverte avec beaucoup d’enthousiasme à une révision des bases traditionnelles de l’opposition entre la « nature » et la « culture », suivant les tendances anti-représentationnalistes et hyper-empiristes qui se confondent dans un ensemble complexe d’arguments philosophiques et éthiques. Parallèlement, de nouvelles configurations des sciences naturelles ont repris les postulats mécanicistesoriginaux de ce domaine. Le vaste champ des neurosciences contemporaines a été riche en propositions matérialistes déterministes en explorant la connexion cérébrale de l’expérience humaine avec de puissants moyens et des ambitions à grande échelle. La contemporanéité de ces mouvements suggère que l’on résume en quoi s’approchent et se distinguent les « naturalismes » biomédicaux et anthropologiques. Mais il s’agit principalement de résumer les principaux fils conducteurs du dialogue tendu qui se dessine entre les positions caractéristiques des deux grands domaines, avec des défis importants à l’entreprise anthropologique tel que cela est exprimé dans les expositions récentes du récent Museu do Amanhã (Musée de Demain) à Rio de Janeiro.

          Translated abstract

          Contemporary anthropology has opened itself with great enthusiasm to a revision of the traditional bases of the opposition between “nature” and “culture”, following anti-representationalist and hyper-empiricist trends based on a number of philosophical and ethical postulates. At the same time, new configurations in the natural sciences return to their characteristic mechanist models, reasserting their original tenets. The broad contemporaneous field of neurosciences abounds in proposals based on a deterministic materialism, emerging from top technology and broad scope research about the connection between the nervous system and human experience. The coetaneity of these movements demands an expatiation about the points of convergence and divergence between biomedical and anthropological “naturalisms”. It is then necessary to gather some of the links of the tense dialogue in process among the sundry positions in both fields, involving eminent challenges for the anthropological endeavor; as expressed especially in the exhibits of the new Museu do Amanhã (Museum of Tomorrow), in Rio de Janeiro.

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          The social brain hypothesis

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            Brainhood, anthropological figure of modernity.

            If personhood is the quality or condition of being an individual person, "brainhood" could name the quality or condition of being a brain. This ontological quality would define the "cerebral subject" that has, at least in industrialized and highly medicalized societies, gained numerous social inscriptions since the mid-20th century. This article explores the historical development of brainhood. It suggests that the brain is necessarily the location of the "modern self," and that, consequently, the cerebral subject is the anthropological figure inherent to modernity (at least insofar as modernity gives supreme value to the individual as autonomous agent of choice and initiative). It further argues that the ideology of brainhood impelled neuroscientific investigation much more than it resulted from it, and sketches how an expanding constellation of neurocultural discourses and practices embodies and sustains that ideology.
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              Cognitive and neural foundations of religious belief.

              We propose an integrative cognitive neuroscience framework for understanding the cognitive and neural foundations of religious belief. Our analysis reveals 3 psychological dimensions of religious belief (God's perceived level of involvement, God's perceived emotion, and doctrinal/experiential religious knowledge), which functional MRI localizes within networks processing Theory of Mind regarding intent and emotion, abstract semantics, and imagery. Our results are unique in demonstrating that specific components of religious belief are mediated by well-known brain networks, and support contemporary psychological theories that ground religious belief within evolutionary adaptive cognitive functions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbcsoc
                Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais
                Rev. bras. Ci. Soc.
                Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais - ANPOCS (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0102-6909
                1806-9053
                March 2018
                : 33
                : 97
                : e339702
                Affiliations
                [1] Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro orgdiv1Museu Nacional Brazil lfdduarte@ 123456uol.com.br
                Article
                S0102-69092018000200505
                10.1590/339702/2018
                d4d7e3be-0c73-4f89-a7c5-9e1ce366619c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 January 2017
                : 15 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 64, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Neurosciences,Musée,Science,Déterminisme,Naturalisme,Neuroscience,Museum,Determinism,Naturalism,Neurociência,Museu,Ciência,Determinismo,Naturalismo

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