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      Therapeutic Phytogenic Compounds for Obesity and Diabetes

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          Abstract

          Natural compounds have been used to develop drugs for many decades. Vast diversities and minimum side effects make natural compounds a good source for drug development. However, the composition and concentrations of natural compounds can vary. Despite this inconsistency, half of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmaceuticals are natural compounds or their derivatives. Therefore, it is essential to continuously investigate natural compounds as sources of new pharmaceuticals. This review provides comprehensive information and analysis on natural compounds from plants (phytogenic compounds) that may serve as anti-obesity and/or anti-diabetes therapeutics. Our growing understanding and further exploration of the mechanisms of action of the phytogenic compounds may afford opportunities for development of therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases.

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          Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes.

          Paresh Dandona, Ahmad Aljada, Arindam Bandyopadhyay (2004)
          Recent data have revealed that the plasma concentration of inflammatory mediators, such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), is increased in the insulin resistant states of obesity and type 2 diabetes, raising questions about the mechanisms underlying inflammation in these two conditions. It is also intriguing that an increase in inflammatory mediators or indices predicts the future development of obesity and diabetes. Two mechanisms might be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation. Firstly, glucose and macronutrient intake causes oxidative stress and inflammatory changes. Chronic overnutrition (obesity) might thus be a proinflammatory state with oxidative stress. Secondly, the increased concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-6, associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, might interfere with insulin action by suppressing insulin signal transduction. This might interfere with the anti-inflammatory effect of insulin, which in turn might promote inflammation.
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            A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity

            Gary D Foster, Holly Wyatt, James O Hill … (2003)
            New England Journal of Medicine, 348(21), 2082-2090
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              Impact of Dietary Polyphenols on Carbohydrate Metabolism

              Kati Hanhineva, Riitta Törrönen, Isabel Bondia-Pons … (2010)
              Polyphenols, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins and resveratrol, are a large and heterogeneous group of phytochemicals in plant-based foods, such as tea, coffee, wine, cocoa, cereal grains, soy, fruits and berries. Growing evidence indicates that various dietary polyphenols may influence carbohydrate metabolism at many levels. In animal models and a limited number of human studies carried out so far, polyphenols and foods or beverages rich in polyphenols have attenuated postprandial glycemic responses and fasting hyperglycemia, and improved acute insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. The possible mechanisms include inhibition of carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption in the intestine, stimulation of insulin secretion from the pancreatic β–cells, modulation of glucose release from the liver, activation of insulin receptors and glucose uptake in the insulin-sensitive tissues, and modulation of intracellular signalling pathways and gene expression. The positive effects of polyphenols on glucose homeostasis observed in a large number of in vitro and animal models are supported by epidemiological evidence on polyphenol-rich diets. To confirm the implications of polyphenol consumption for prevention of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and eventually type 2 diabetes, human trials with well-defined diets, controlled study designs and clinically relevant end-points together with holistic approaches e.g., systems biology profiling technologies are needed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sung-Hoon Kim: Role: External Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 November 2014
                Publication date Collection: November 2014
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 21505-21537
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873, Korea; E-Mails: harryjung@ 123456dgist.ac.kr (H.S.J.); limyun@ 123456dgist.ac.kr (Y.L.)
                [2 ]Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873, Korea
                Author notes
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ekkim@ 123456dgist.ac.kr ; Tel.: +82-53-785-6111; Fax: +82-53-785-6109.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-15-21505
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121505
                PMC ID: 4264239
                PubMed ID: 25421245
                SO-VID: d4d89a17-3247-4efa-9290-a2139a77c121
                Copyright © © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 24 October 2014
                Date revision received : 12 November 2014
                Date accepted : 14 November 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: phytogenic compounds,obesity,diabetes
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: phytogenic compounds, obesity, diabetes

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