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      Eight principles of integrated pest management

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          The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management.

          Push-pull strategies involve the behavioral manipulation of insect pests and their natural enemies via the integration of stimuli that act to make the protected resource unattractive or unsuitable to the pests (push) while luring them toward an attractive source (pull) from where the pests are subsequently removed. The push and pull components are generally nontoxic. Therefore, the strategies are usually integrated with methods for population reduction, preferably biological control. Push-pull strategies maximize efficacy of behavior-manipulating stimuli through the additive and synergistic effects of integrating their use. By orchestrating a predictable distribution of pests, efficiency of population-reducing components can also be increased. The strategy is a useful tool for integrated pest management programs reducing pesticide input. We describe the principles of the strategy, list the potential components, and present case studies reviewing work on the development and use of push-pull strategies in each of the major areas of pest control.
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            The integration of chemical and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid: The integrated control concept

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              Plant species diversity for sustainable management of crop pests and diseases in agroecosystems: a review

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Agronomy for Sustainable Development
                Agron. Sustain. Dev.
                Springer Nature
                1774-0746
                1773-0155
                October 2015
                July 2015
                : 35
                : 4
                : 1199-1215
                Article
                10.1007/s13593-015-0327-9
                d4da54d5-d3ae-418c-adec-5f78cb1cb8d8
                © 2015
                History

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