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      Sex and gender gaps in medicine and the androcentric history of medical research

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          Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health in 22 European Countries

          Comparisons among countries can help to identify opportunities for the reduction of inequalities in health. We compared the magnitude of inequalities in mortality and self-assessed health among 22 countries in all parts of Europe. We obtained data on mortality according to education level and occupational class from census-based mortality studies. Deaths were classified according to cause, including common causes, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer; causes related to smoking; causes related to alcohol use; and causes amenable to medical intervention, such as tuberculosis and hypertension. Data on self-assessed health, smoking, and obesity according to education and income were obtained from health or multipurpose surveys. For each country, the association between socioeconomic status and health outcomes was measured with the use of regression-based inequality indexes. In almost all countries, the rates of death and poorer self-assessments of health were substantially higher in groups of lower socioeconomic status, but the magnitude of the inequalities between groups of higher and lower socioeconomic status was much larger in some countries than in others. Inequalities in mortality were small in some southern European countries and very large in most countries in the eastern and Baltic regions. These variations among countries appeared to be attributable in part to causes of death related to smoking or alcohol use or amenable to medical intervention. The magnitude of inequalities in self-assessed health also varied substantially among countries, but in a different pattern. We observed variation across Europe in the magnitude of inequalities in health associated with socioeconomic status. These inequalities might be reduced by improving educational opportunities, income distribution, health-related behavior, or access to health care. Copyright 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            Socioeconomic Disparities In Health: Pathways And Policies

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              Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Management

              Endometriosis is a disease of adolescents and reproductive-aged women characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity and commonly associated with chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Here we review the epidemiology of endometriosis as well as potential biomarkers for detection and with the goal of highlighting risk factors that could be used in combination with biomarkers to identify and treat women with endometriosis earlier..
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
                Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
                Wiley
                1326-0200
                1753-6405
                October 2021
                June 28 2021
                October 2021
                : 45
                : 5
                : 424-426
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Public Health James Cook University Queensland
                [2 ]Poche Centre for Indigenous Health University of Queensland
                [3 ]College of Arts, Society and Education James Cook University Queensland
                [4 ]Cairns Sexual Health Service Queensland
                [5 ]College of Healthcare Sciences James Cook University Queensland
                Article
                10.1111/1753-6405.13139
                34181298
                d4ef5c7f-38de-476e-b27c-b891f04e2a5a
                © 2021

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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