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      Mixed bird flocks: patterns of activity and species composition in a region of the Central Andes of Colombia Translated title: Bandadas mixtas de aves: patrones de actividad y composición de especies en una región de la Cordillera Central de los Andes de Colombia

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          Abstract

          Mixed bird flocks are groups of individuals from different species that travel and forage together. Such groups are common in several bird communities around the world. We present species composition and activity patterns of mixed bird flocks in a region of the Central Andes of Colombia. We compared the number of species per flock, as well as the number of flocks among 3 different habitats. We tested hypotheses concerning the flocks daily activity and the co-occurrences of species within them. We recorded 75 species, and the species number per flock varied from 4 to 21. Our data suggest that habitat affects the number of flocks but not their species number, and that the activity of flocks is similar throughout the day. In addition, the association of birds in flocks is affected by interspecific facilitation, with some species co-occurrences found more times than expected by chance. We hypothesize that some tanager species could have a role in flock cohesion. We witnessed 2 predator attacks upon flocks, a number of agonistic interactions among flock members, and squirrels following bird flocks. Our results meet some general patterns described for mixed bird flocks.

          Translated abstract

          Las bandadas mixtas de aves son grupos de individuos de diferentes especies que viajan y forrajean juntos, y son comunes en varias comunidades de aves alrededor del mundo. Presentamos la composición de especies y los patrones de actividad de las bandadas mixtas de aves en una región de la Cordillera Central de los Andes Colombianos. Comparamos el número de especies por bandada y el número de bandadas en 3 hábitats distintos. Evaluamos hipótesis relacionadas con la actividad de las bandadas durante el día y la presencia simultánea de especies en estos grupos. Observamos 75 especies, y el número de especies por bandada varió entre 4 y 21. Nuestros datos indican que el hábitat parece afectar el número de bandadas pero no su número de especies y que la actividad de las bandadas es similar durante el día. La asociación de especies en bandadas parece estar influida por facilitación intraespecífica y algunas especies se presentan simultáneamente más de lo esperado por azar. Hipotetizamos que algunas tangaras pueden tener un papel en la cohesión de las bandadas. Observamos 2 ataques de depredadores, así como varias interacciones hostiles entre miembros de las bandadas y la participación de ardillas. Nuestros resultados se ajustan a ciertos patrones descritos para las bandadas mixtas.

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          Use of Amazonian Forest Fragments by Understory Insectivorous Birds

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            Ecological Aspects of Some Mixed-Species Foraging Flocks of Birds

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              Interspecific information transfer influences animal community structure.

              Acquiring information from the cues and signals of other species of the same trophic level is widespread among animals, and can help individuals exploit resources and avoid predators. But can such interspecific information transfer also influence the spatial structure of species within communities? Whereas some species use heterospecific information without changing their position, we review research that indicates that heterospecific information is a driving factor in the formation or maintenance of temporary or stable mixed-species groups. Heterospecific information can also influence the organization of such groups, including leadership. Further, animals sometimes select habitats using heterospecific information. We survey interspecific information transfer, and evaluate the morphological, ecological and behavioral factors that make some species information sources and others information seekers. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmbiodiv
                Revista mexicana de biodiversidad
                Rev. Mex. Biodiv.
                Instituto de Biología (México, DF, Mexico )
                1870-3453
                2007-8706
                June 2011
                : 82
                : 2
                : 639-651
                Affiliations
                [03] Morelia Michoacán orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas México
                [01] Quindío orgnameUniversidad del Quindío orgdiv1Facultad de Educación Colombia enriquearbelaez@ 123456gmail.com
                [02] México D.F orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Departamento de Biología Evolutiva orgdiv2Museo de Zoología México
                Article
                S1870-34532011000200022 S1870-3453(11)08200200022
                10.22201/ib.20078706e.2011.2.468
                d5006cd3-5886-475e-ac90-13303b411a07

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 April 2010
                : 09 September 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 66, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Ecology

                Ecology
                Reserva Natural La Patasola,Sudamérica,La Patasola Natural Reserve,montane forest,Quindío,bosque montano,species richness,riqueza de especies,South America

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