For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
4
views
24
references
 Top references
cited by
5
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      211
      similar
       All similar

          The flagship journal of the Society for Endocrinology. Learn more

      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Effect of the transition from more than adequate iodine to adequate iodine on national changes in the prevalence of thyroid disorders: repeat national cross-sectional surveys in China

      research-article
      Author(s): 1 , 1 , 1
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: European Journal of Endocrinology
      Publisher: Bioscientifica Ltd

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Objective

          Longitudinal studies have investigated the effects of changing iodine status on thyroid disorders, but the effect of a transition from more than adequate iodine to adequate iodine on national changes in prevalence adjusted for changing risk factors remains unclear.

          Design

          Two repeat nationwide surveys were conducted from 2009–2010 to 2015–2017 to assess changes in thyroid disorder prevalence and iodine status in China.

          Methods

          A multistage stratified random sampling method was used to obtain a nationally representative sample of urban adults aged 18 and older in mainland China in 2009 ( n = 14 925) and 2015 ( n = 12 553). Changes in thyroid disorder prevalence, urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were assessed. Logistic regression models were used to examine changes in prevalence over time.

          Results

          The median UIC decreased significantly from 219.7 to 175.9 μg/L ( P < 0.0001). The weighted prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, and goitre decreased between 2009 and 2015 in the overall population ( P < 0.05 for all). Despite no significant changes in subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism or anti-thyroid peroxidase or anti-thyroglobulin antibody positivity prevalence, a significant increase in thyroid nodule prevalence ( P < 0.0001) was found in the overall population. The 2.5th TSH percentile increased by 0.15 mIU/L (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.30 mIU/L, P = 0.04) from 2009 to 2015.

          Conclusions

          With the iodine status transition from more than adequate to adequate, thyroid disorder (except for thyroid nodules) prevalence remained stable or even decreased after adjusting for confounding factors among adults in mainland China between 2009 and 2015. Additional studies are needed to explore the reasons for the increased thyroid nodule prevalence.

          Related collections

          Most cited references24

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: not found
          • Article: not found

          Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease.

          Zubair Baloch, Pierre Carayon, Bernard Conte-Devolx … (2003)
          Article 0 comments Cited 215 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China.

            Weiping Teng, Zhongyan Shan, Xiaochun Teng … (2006)
            Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones; either low or high intake may lead to thyroid disease. We observed an increase in the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and autoimmune thyroiditis with increasing iodine intake in China in cohorts from three regions with different levels of iodine intake: mildly deficient (median urinary iodine excretion, 84 microg per liter), more than adequate (median, 243 microg per liter), and excessive (median, 651 microg per liter). Participants enrolled in a baseline study in 1999, and during the five-year follow-up through 2004, we examined the effect of regional differences in iodine intake on the incidence of thyroid disease. Of the 3761 unselected subjects who were enrolled at baseline, 3018 (80.2 percent) participated in this follow-up study. Levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies in serum, and iodine in urine, were measured and B-mode ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed at baseline and follow-up. Among subjects with mildly deficient iodine intake, those with more than adequate intake, and those with excessive intake, the cumulative incidence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.2 percent, 0.5 percent, and 0.3 percent, respectively; that of subclinical hypothyroidism, 0.2 percent, 2.6 percent, and 2.9 percent, respectively; and that of autoimmune thyroiditis, 0.2 percent, 1.0 percent, and 1.3 percent, respectively. Among subjects with euthyroidism and antithyroid antibodies at baseline, the five-year incidence of elevated serum thyrotropin levels was greater among those with more than adequate or excessive iodine intake than among those with mildly deficient iodine intake. A baseline serum thyrotropin level of 1.0 to 1.9 mIU per liter was associated with the lowest subsequent incidence of abnormal thyroid function. More than adequate or excessive iodine intake may lead to hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. Copyright 2006 Massachusetts Medical Society.
            Article 0 comments Cited 205 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders.

              Michael B Zimmermann, Kristien Boelaert (2015)
              Iodine deficiency early in life impairs cognition and growth, but iodine status is also a key determinant of thyroid disorders in adults. Severe iodine deficiency causes goitre and hypothyroidism because, despite an increase in thyroid activity to maximise iodine uptake and recycling in this setting, iodine concentrations are still too low to enable production of thyroid hormone. In mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, increased thyroid activity can compensate for low iodine intake and maintain euthyroidism in most individuals, but at a price: chronic thyroid stimulation results in an increase in the prevalence of toxic nodular goitre and hyperthyroidism in populations. This high prevalence of nodular autonomy usually results in a further increase in the prevalence of hyperthyroidism if iodine intake is subsequently increased by salt iodisation. However, this increase is transient because iodine sufficiency normalises thyroid activity which, in the long term, reduces nodular autonomy. Increased iodine intake in an iodine-deficient population is associated with a small increase in the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity; whether these increases are also transient is unclear. Variations in population iodine intake do not affect risk for Graves' disease or thyroid cancer, but correction of iodine deficiency might shift thyroid cancer subtypes toward less malignant forms. Thus, optimisation of population iodine intake is an important component of preventive health care to reduce the prevalence of thyroid disorders.
              Article 0 comments Cited 195 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Endocrinol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur J Endocrinol
                Journal ID (hwp): EJE
                Title: European Journal of Endocrinology
                Publisher: Bioscientifica Ltd (Bristol )
                ISSN (Print): 0804-4643
                ISSN (Electronic): 1479-683X
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 November 2021
                Publication date Collection: 01 January 2022
                Volume: 186
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 115-122
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute of Endocrinology , NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to Z Shan or W Teng; Email: cmushanzhongyan@ 123456163.com or TWP@ 123456VIP.163.COM
                Article
                Publisher ID: EJE-21-0975
                DOI: 10.1530/EJE-21-0975
                PMC ID: 8679845
                PubMed ID: 34762596
                SO-VID: d5077e9f-b2f3-40f0-a489-37abe7b3dd98
                Copyright © © The authors
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date received : 21 September 2021
                Date accepted : 11 November 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Clinical Study

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                Related Documents Log
                scite_

                Similar content211

                See all similar

                Cited by5

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors362

                See all reference authors