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      miR-33-5p, a novel mechano-sensitive microRNA promotes osteoblast differentiation by targeting Hmga2

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          Abstract

          MicroRNAs (miRNAs) interfere with the translation of specific target mRNAs and are thought to thereby regulate many cellular processes. However, the role of miRNAs in osteoblast mechanotransduction remains to be defined. In this study, we investigated the ability of a miRNA to respond to different mechanical environments and regulate mechano-induced osteoblast differentiation. First, we demonstrated that miR-33-5p expressed by osteoblasts is sensitive to multiple mechanical environments, microgravity and fluid shear stress. We then confirmed the ability of miR-33-5p to promote osteoblast differentiation. Microgravity or fluid shear stress influences osteoblast differentiation partially via miR-33-5p. Through bioinformatics analysis and a luciferase assay, we subsequently confirmed that Hmga2 is a target gene of miR-33-5p that negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, miR-33-5p regulates osteoblast differentiation partially via Hmga2. In summary, our findings demonstrate that miR-33-5p is a novel mechano-sensitive miRNA that can promote osteoblast differentiation and participate in the regulation of differentiation induced by changes in the mechanical environment, suggesting this miRNA as a potential target for the treatment of pathological bone loss.

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          MiR-33 contributes to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis.

          Cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated at the cellular level. Here we show that miR-33, an intronic microRNA (miRNA) located within the gene encoding sterol-regulatory element-binding factor-2 (SREBF-2), a transcriptional regulator of cholesterol synthesis, modulates the expression of genes involved in cellular cholesterol transport. In mouse and human cells, miR-33 inhibits the expression of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, ABCA1, thereby attenuating cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1. In mouse macrophages, miR-33 also targets ABCG1, reducing cholesterol efflux to nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Lentiviral delivery of miR-33 to mice represses ABCA1 expression in the liver, reducing circulating HDL levels. Conversely, silencing of miR-33 in vivo increases hepatic expression of ABCA1 and plasma HDL levels. Thus, miR-33 appears to regulate both HDL biogenesis in the liver and cellular cholesterol efflux.
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            MicroRNA-33 and the SREBP host genes cooperate to control cholesterol homeostasis.

            Proper coordination of cholesterol biosynthesis and trafficking is essential to human health. The sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are key transcription regulators of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake. We show here that microRNAs (miR-33a/b) embedded within introns of the SREBP genes target the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), an important regulator of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesis and reverse cholesterol transport, for posttranscriptional repression. Antisense inhibition of miR-33 in mouse and human cell lines causes up-regulation of ABCA1 expression and increased cholesterol efflux, and injection of mice on a western-type diet with locked nucleic acid-antisense oligonucleotides results in elevated plasma HDL. Our findings indicate that miR-33 acts in concert with the SREBP host genes to control cholesterol homeostasis and suggest that miR-33 may represent a therapeutic target for ameliorating cardiometabolic diseases.
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              Inhibition of miR-33a/b in non-human primates raises plasma HDL and reduces VLDL triglycerides

              Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality in westernized countries, despite optimum medical therapy to lower LDL cholesterol. The pursuit of novel therapies to target this residual risk has focused on raising levels of HDL cholesterol in order to exploit its atheroprotective effects 1 . MicroRNAs have emerged as important post-transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism, and are thus a new class of targets for therapeutic intervention 2 . MicroRNA-33a and b (miR-33a/b) are intronic microRNAs embedded in the sterol response element binding protein genes SREBF2 and SREBF1 3–5 , respectively, that repress expression of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1, a key regulator of HDL biogenesis. Recent studies in mice suggest that antagonizing miR-33a may be an effective strategy for raising plasma HDL 3–5 and protecting from atherosclerosis 6 , however extrapolation of these findings to humans is complicated by the fact that mice lack miR-33b which is present only in the SREBF1 gene of higher mammals. Here we show in African green monkeys that systemic delivery of an anti-miR oligonucleotide that targets both miR-33a and miR-33b increases hepatic expression of ABCA1 and induces a sustained increase in plasma HDL over 12 weeks. Notably, miR-33 antagonism in this non-human primate model also increased the expression of miR-33 target genes involved in the oxidation of fatty acids (CROT, CPT1A, HADHB, PRKAA1) and reduced genes involved in fatty acid synthesis (SREBF1, FASN, ACLY, ACACA), resulting in a marked suppression of plasma VLDL triglyceride levels, a finding not previously observed in mice. These data establish, in a model highly relevant to humans, that pharmacological inhibition of miR-33a and b is a promising therapeutic strategy to raise plasma HDL and lower VLDL triglycerides for the treatment of dyslipidemias that increase cardiovascular disease risk.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group
                2045-2322
                16 March 2016
                2016
                : 6
                : 23170
                Affiliations
                [1 ]The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, The Fourth Military Medical University , 710032, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
                [2 ]Department of orthopedics , No. 454 Hospital of PLA, 210002, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
                Author notes
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                srep23170
                10.1038/srep23170
                4793269
                26980276
                d519afe6-667b-4c95-8678-89fe78a22d53
                Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 29 September 2015
                : 25 February 2016
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