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      Artificial light at night as a driver of evolution across urban-rural landscapes

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          Evolution of life in urban environments

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            Is Open Access

            Artificially lit surface of Earth at night increasing in radiance and extent

            Earth’s artificially lit area is expanding at 2.2% per year, with existing lit areas brightening by 2.2% per year.
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              Light at night increases body mass by shifting the time of food intake.

              The global increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders coincides with the increase of exposure to light at night (LAN) and shift work. Circadian regulation of energy homeostasis is controlled by an endogenous biological clock that is synchronized by light information. To promote optimal adaptive functioning, the circadian clock prepares individuals for predictable events such as food availability and sleep, and disruption of clock function causes circadian and metabolic disturbances. To determine whether a causal relationship exists between nighttime light exposure and obesity, we examined the effects of LAN on body mass in male mice. Mice housed in either bright (LL) or dim (DM) LAN have significantly increased body mass and reduced glucose tolerance compared with mice in a standard (LD) light/dark cycle, despite equivalent levels of caloric intake and total daily activity output. Furthermore, the timing of food consumption by DM and LL mice differs from that in LD mice. Nocturnal rodents typically eat substantially more food at night; however, DM mice consume 55.5% of their food during the light phase, as compared with 36.5% in LD mice. Restricting food consumption to the active phase in DM mice prevents body mass gain. These results suggest that low levels of light at night disrupt the timing of food intake and other metabolic signals, leading to excess weight gain. These data are relevant to the coincidence between increasing use of light at night and obesity in humans.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
                Front Ecol Environ
                Wiley
                15409295
                October 2018
                October 2018
                September 13 2018
                : 16
                : 8
                : 472-479
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
                [2 ]Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
                [3 ]Department of Animal Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Wageningen the Netherlands
                Article
                10.1002/fee.1828
                d51f49be-cd00-49f2-a163-95d01a30e88c
                © 2018

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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