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      XIII Lección Jesús Culebras. Los farmacéuticos de hospital y el soporte nutricional. De los inicios hasta nuestros días (1976-2018) Translated title: XIII Lesson Jesús Culebras. Hospital pharmacists and nutritional support. From the beginning to the present day (1976-2018)

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          Abstract

          Resumen Los farmacéuticos de hospitales fueron, desde los inicios en el decenio de los setenta del siglo pasado, miembros activos en las comisiones de soporte nutricional [nutrición parenteral (NP) y nutrición enteral (NE)] en nuestros hospitales, en el contexto principalmente de la preparación estéril de los componentes de NP. Esta presentación intenta explicar su papel en este recorrido de 42 años. Sin duda, un salto de calidad farmacéutica en la NP fue el paso de la preparación en frascos individuales al “todo en uno”, ya que con ello se disminuían las infecciones por catéter a causa de la menor manipulación. Esto llevó a realizar estudios físico-químicos de la estabilidad de la emulsión lipídica, ya que las partículas ≥ 5 micras producían obstrucción y acumulación lipídica en las arteriolas pulmonares. Esta emulsión del “todo en uno” estudiamos que enmascaraba una posible precipitación de los fosfatos inorgánicos con las sales de calcio, que podía causar una embolia pulmonar microvascular. Finalmente, investigamos realizar un control microbiológico de nuestras preparaciones diarias. A mediados de los ochenta del siglo pasado se manifestó un incremento de las peticiones de NP. Para disminuir el trabajo del número de preparaciones, algunos hospitales alquilaron servicios de catering externos y otros racionalizaron las indicaciones, apoyándose con el “boom” de la nutrición enteral, con lo que algunas indicaciones de NP pasaron a ser de NE. Ocurren 3 acontecimientos en la década de los noventa del siglo pasado: el primero es que, frente al alud de preparaciones de NP, la industria farmacéutica irrumpe con una preparación de bolsas tricamerales. El segundo son los inicios de estudios de la desnutrición hospitalaria después de comprobar que la malnutrición incrementaba las complicaciones quirúrgicas y médicas. Por último, se publica la Orden de 2 de junio de 1987 para regular la nutrición enteral domiciliaria (NED). Dicha Orden fue un paso importante para regular la NED pero ocurrió que, excepto en las comunidades autónomas de Galicia y Cataluña, se produce un retroceso en los conocimientos de NE de los farmacéuticos responsables de la nutrición artificial de los hospitales españoles, ya que en 1996 serán los endocrinólogos los que pautarán las dietas de NED. Al mismo tiempo, en las 2 comunidades citadas, los servicios de farmacia suministrarán la NED a los enfermos. Sí que, por unanimidad, todos los servicios de farmacia del país contribuyeron a elaborar vademécums de cómo administrar fármacos por sonda nasogástrica y ostomías. La nueva figura de los dietistas en los equipos de soporte nutricional nos pide a los farmacéuticos las interacciones de los fármacos con los alimentos a nivel farmacocinético (absorción, metabolización. etc.). En el primer decenio del nuevo siglo continúa el crecimiento de los enfermos candidatos a NP. Una posible causa es que se intervienen enfermos de mayor edad. Los farmacéuticos de hospitales buscamos una nueva identidad y nos volcamos en las estabilidades de los fármacos con la NP. A nivel clínico, seguimos a los primeros enfermos con intestino corto, ya que quedan “un poco abandonados” durante el seguimiento en los hospitales. Los últimos 10 años hemos profundizado en los enfermos con intestino corto con NED pero, sobre todo, en el control de las ileostomías tras los fallos de sutura y pusimos orden en los fármacos que son estables en la NP y en “Y” con la misma. También iniciamos estudios farmacocinéticos en la administración de fármacos en diferentes situaciones quirúrgicas: cirugía bariátrica, gastrectomía total, etc. En el futuro continuaremos haciéndonos preguntas sobre cómo podemos mejorar el soporte nutricional de nuestros pacientes.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Hospital pharmacists have been, since the 1970s, active members in nutritional support commissions [parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral nutrition (EN)] in our hospitals, mainly in the context of sterile preparation of PN components. This presentation is an attempt to explain their role in this 42-year journey. Without any doubt, a quality leap in pharmaceutical quality regarding PN was the step from preparation in individual vials to “all-in-one” admixtures, thereby reducing catheter infections as a result of less handling. This entailed physical-chemical studies of stability of lipid emulsions since particles ≥ 5 microns produce obstruction and lipid accumulation in pulmonary arterioles. We studied the “all-in-one” emulsions that masked a possible precipitation of inorganic phosphates with calcium-phosphate salts, which could cause microvascular pulmonary embolism. Finally, we investigated how to carry out a microbiological control of our daily preparations. In the 1980s there was an increase in PN requests. In order to reduce preparation workload some hospitals rented external catering services whereas others rationalized the indications, supported by the enteral nutrition boom where some indications for PN changed to EN. Three events occurred in the 1990s. First, due to an increase in PN preparations, the pharmaceutical industry designed three-chamber bags. Second, studies on hospital malnutrition were launched after verifying that malnutrition increased surgical and medical complications. Finally, the Order of June 2, 1987 regulated home enteral nutrition (HEN). Actually, this Order was an important step to regulate HEN. However, except for the autonomous communities of Galicia and Catalonia, there was regression in the knowledge of EN among the pharmacists responsible for nutrition. As a result, since 1996 endocrinologists are the clinicians who guide HEN diets in Spain. At the same time, in the 2 aforementioned communities pharmacy departments remained responsible for HEN. Of note, pharmacy departments all over Spain contributed to develop guidelines on drug administration through nasogastric tubes and ostomies. The newly arrived dietitians in nutritional support teams asked pharmacists for drug-food interactions at the pharmacokinetic level (absorption, metabolization, etc.). In the first decade of the new century, the growth of patients who were candidates for PN continued. One possible cause is that older patients are increasingly being operated on. Hospital pharmacists are looking for a new identity, and we dedicate our efforts to PN drug stability. At the clinical level we followed the first patients with short bowel, since they were “a bit abandoned” in their follow-up. In the last 10 years we have intensified our work for patients with short bowel with home parenteral nutrition (HPN), but above all in the control of ileostomies after suture failure. Also, we brought order to the drugs that are stable for PN and in “Y” with it. We also started pharmacokinetics studies in the administration of drugs in different surgical situations: bariatric surgery, total gastrectomy, etc. In the future we will continue to ask questions about how can we improve nutritional support for our patients.

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          Most cited references39

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          Effect of early postoperative enteral immunonutrition on wound healing in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer.

          One of the most frequent complications in patients with cancer and malnutrition is the surgical wound healing delay or failure. Some studies have shown that arginine improves wound healing in rodents and in healthy human beings. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of early postoperative enteral immunonutrition on the wound healing process in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer. Sixty six patients with gastric cancer were randomized to receive early postoperative enteral immunonutrition (formula supplemented with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids and ribonucleic acid (RNA)) or an isocaloric-isonitrogenous control. Assessment of wound healing process: (1) Quantification of hydroxyproline deposition in a subcutaneously placed catheter, (2) occurrence of surgical wound healing complications. Sixty patients were analyzed. Patients fed with immunonutrition (n=30) showed higher local hydroxyproline levels (59.7 nmol (5.0-201.8), vs. 28.0 nmol (5.8-89.6) P=0.0018) and significantly lower episodes of surgical wound healing complications (0 vs. 8 (26.7%) P=0.005) when compared to patients fed with the control formula (n=30). Early postoperative enteral nutrition with a formula supplemented with arginine, omega 3 fatty acids and RNA increased hydroxyproline synthesis and improved surgical wound healing in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
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            Physicochemical stability of total nutrient admixtures.

            The effect of six independent factors on the stability of i.v. nutritional emulsions was studied. Forty-five i.v. nutritional admixtures were prepared, each containing the following: (1) amino acids (range, 2.5-7%), (2) hydrated glucose (range, 5-20%), (3) lipid emulsion (range, 2-5%), (4) monovalent cations (range, 0-150 meq/L), (5) divalent cations (range, 4-20 meq/L), and (6) trivalent cations (range, 0-10 mg of elemental iron/L). Stability assessments included particle-size analysis, pH determination, and visual inspection. Sizing and counting of fat particles was achieved by using light obscuration and dynamic light scatter methods. Light obscuration and visual assessments were performed at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 30 hours. Dynamic light scatter and pH determinations were performed at 0 and 30 hours. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that trivalent cation concentration was the only variable that affected the stability of nutritional emulsions (p 5 microns in diameter) greater than 0.4% was associated with unstable emulsions. However, this instability was visibly evident only 65% of the time. Changes in mean globule diameter, cream-layer thickness, and pH did not reveal instability in these emulsions. Emulsions in which > 0.4% of the initial fat concentration consists of particles of > 5 microns in diameter are likely to become unstable. Of the six factors studied, the trivalent cation in iron dextran was most disruptive to lipid-based parenteral nutrient admixtures.
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              Old and new substrates in clinical nutrition.

              P Fürst (1998)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                February 2023
                : 40
                : 1
                : 200-212
                Affiliations
                [1] Barcelona orgnameHospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau orgdiv1Servicio de Farmacia España
                Article
                S0212-16112023000100024 S0212-1611(23)04000100024
                10.20960/nh.04574
                d544d190-ec0b-49df-aaa2-68a24b704222

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 December 2022
                : 13 December 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo Especial

                Parenteral nutrition preparation,Drug-nutrient treatment of ileostomies,Home enteral nutrition,Three-chamber bags,A history of nutritional support,Tratamiento de las ileostomías,Nutrición enteral domiciliaria,Tricamerales,Historia del soporte nutricional,Preparación de nutrición parenteral

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