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      Effect of spinal tap test on the performance of sit-to-stand, walking, and turning in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

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          ABSTRACT

          The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the spinal tap test on sit-to-stand (STS), walking, and turning and to determine the relationship among the outcome measures of STS, walking, and turning in patients with iNPH. Twenty-seven patients with clinical symptoms of iNPH were objectively examined for STS, walking, and turning by the Force Distribution Measurement (FDM) platform connected with a video camera. Assessments were performed at before and 24 hours after spinal tap. Motor abilities were assessed by the STS time, time of walking over 3 meters, and time and number of steps when turning over 180 degrees. Significant improvements were found in the STS time (p = 0.046), walking time (p = 0.048), and turning step (p = 0.001). In addition, turning time was improved but not statistically significant (p = 0.064). Significant relationships were found among all outcome measures (p < 0.001). The relationship among these outcome measures indicated that the individuals had similar ability levels to perform different activities. This may serve as a new choice of outcome measures to evaluate the effect of intervention in different severity levels of patients with iNPH.

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          The value of supplemental prognostic tests for the preoperative assessment of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus.

          Anthony Marmarou, Marvin Bergsneider, Petra Klinge … (2005)
          The diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) remains unclear. Moreover, the value of supplementary tests to predict which patients would benefit from placement of a shunt has not been established. This report develops evidence-based guidelines for the use of supplementary tests as an aid in prognosis. MEDLINE searches from 1966 to the present were undertaken by use of the query NPH, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, lumbar drain, CSF [cerebrospinal fluid] tap test, and external CSF drainage in humans. This resulted in 242 articles. To provide a scientific, evidence-based review, we have chosen to restrict our analysis to clinically relevant studies usually consisting of large numbers of shunted NPH patients. Studies that did not specify INPH or secondary NPH were considered in a separate evidentiary table. Evidence-based guidelines for use in supplementary tests have been developed. A positive response to a 40- to 50-ml tap test has a higher degree of certainty for a favorable response to shunt placement than can be obtained by clinical examination. However, the tap test cannot be used as an exclusionary test because of its low sensitivity (26-61%). Determination of the CSF outflow resistance via an infusion test carries a higher sensitivity (57-100%) compared with the tap test and a similar positive predictive value of 75 to 92%. Prolonged external lumbar drainage in excess of 300 ml is associated with high sensitivity (50-100%) and high positive predictive value (80-100%). To date, a single standard for the prognostic evaluation of INPH patients is lacking. However, supplemental tests can increase predictive accuracy for prognosis to greater than 90%. Additional multicenter prospective randomized clinical trials are needed.
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            Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Second Edition

            Takahiko Tokuda, Nagato Kuriyama, Masaaki Hashimoto … (2012)
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              Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: a prospective study in 151 patients.

              Satoshi Sawauchi, Takuji Yamamoto, Michael Dunbar … (2005)
              The diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) remains controversial, particularly in selecting patients for shunt insertion. The use of clinical criteria coupled with imaging studies has limited effectiveness in predicting shunt success. The goal of this prospective study was to assess the usefulness of clinical criteria together with brain imaging studies, resistance testing, and external lumbar drainage (ELD) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in determining which patients would most likely benefit from shunt surgery. One hundred fifty-one patients considered at risk for idiopathic NPH were prospectively studied according to a fixed management protocol. The clinical criterion for idiopathic NPH included ventriculomegaly demonstrated on computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging studies combined with gait disturbance, incontinence, and dementia. Subsequently, all patients with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic NPH underwent a lumbar tap for the measurement of CSF resistance. Following this procedure, patients were admitted to the hospital neurosurgical service for a 3-day ELD of CSF. Video assessment of gait and neuropsychological testing was conducted before and after drainage. A shunt procedure was then offered to patients who had experienced clinical improvement from ELD. Shunt outcome was assessed at 1 year postsurgery. Data in this report affirm that gait improvement immediately following ELD is the best prognostic indicator of a positive shunt outcome, with an accuracy of prediction greater than 90%. Furthermore, bolus resistance testing is useful as a prognostic tool, does not require hospitalization, can be performed in an outpatient setting, and has an overall accuracy of 72% in predicting successful ELD outcome. Equally important is the finding that improvement with shunt surgery is independent of age up to the ninth decade of life in patients who improved on ELD.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nagoya J Med Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nagoya J Med Sci
                Title: Nagoya Journal of Medical Science
                Publisher: Nagoya University
                ISSN (Print): 0027-7622
                ISSN (Electronic): 2186-3326
                Publication date (Print): February 2018
                Volume: 80
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 53-60
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
                [2 ]Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Mahidol University, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
                [3 ]Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
                [4 ]Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
                [5 ]NANOTEC-Mahidol University Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
                [6 ]Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
                Author notes

                Corresponding author: Sunee Bovonsunthonchai, PhD

                Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd., Salaya, Phuttamonthon,

                Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand

                Phone: +66-2441-5450 (ext. 20804), E-mail: sunee.bov@mahidol.ac.th

                Article
                DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.80.1.53
                PMC ID: 5857501
                PubMed ID: 29581614
                SO-VID: d545d855-0ed4-4613-b565-3978ed4ca41d
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view the details of this license, please visit ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 12 June 2017
                Date accepted : 2 October 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                Keywords: idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus,gait,sit-to-stand,turn,spinal tap test
                Data availability:
                Keywords: idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, gait, sit-to-stand, turn, spinal tap test

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