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      Enhanced Efficiency of MAPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells with FAPbX 3 Perovskite Quantum Dots

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          Abstract

          We describe a method to enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE) of MAPbI 3 perovskite solar cell by inserting a FAPbX 3 perovskite quantum dots (QD-FAPbX 3) layer. The MAPbI 3 and QD-FAPbX 3 layers were prepared using a simple, rapid spin-coating method in a nitrogen-filled glove box. The solar cell structure consists of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbI 3/QD-FAPbX 3/C 60/Ag, where PEDOT:PSS, MAPbI 3, QD-FAPbX 3, and C 60 were used as the hole transport layer, light-absorbing layer, absorption enhance layer, and electron transport layer, respectively. The MAPbI 3/QD-FAPbX 3 solar cells exhibit a PCE of 7.59%, an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.9 V, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 17.4 mA/cm 2, and a fill factor (FF) of 48.6%, respectively.

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          Organometallic Halide Perovskites: Sharp Optical Absorption Edge and Its Relation to Photovoltaic Performance.

          Solar cells based on organometallic halide perovskite absorber layers are emerging as a high-performance photovoltaic technology. Using highly sensitive photothermal deflection and photocurrent spectroscopy, we measure the absorption spectrum of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films at room temperature. We find a high absorption coefficient with particularly sharp onset. Below the bandgap, the absorption is exponential over more than four decades with an Urbach energy as small as 15 meV, which suggests a well-ordered microstructure. No deep states are found down to the detection limit of ∼1 cm(-1). These results confirm the excellent electronic properties of perovskite thin films, enabling the very high open-circuit voltages reported for perovskite solar cells. Following intentional moisture ingress, we find that the absorption at photon energies below 2.4 eV is strongly reduced, pointing to a compositional change of the material.
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            Fast Anion-Exchange in Highly Luminescent Nanocrystals of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I)

            Postsynthetic chemical transformations of colloidal nanocrystals, such as ion-exchange reactions, provide an avenue to compositional fine-tuning or to otherwise inaccessible materials and morphologies. While cation-exchange is facile and commonplace, anion-exchange reactions have not received substantial deployment. Here we report fast, low-temperature, deliberately partial, or complete anion-exchange in highly luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I). By adjusting the halide ratios in the colloidal nanocrystal solution, the bright photoluminescence can be tuned over the entire visible spectral region (410–700 nm) while maintaining high quantum yields of 20–80% and narrow emission line widths of 10–40 nm (from blue to red). Furthermore, fast internanocrystal anion-exchange is demonstrated, leading to uniform CsPb(Cl/Br)3 or CsPb(Br/I)3 compositions simply by mixing CsPbCl3, CsPbBr3, and CsPbI3 nanocrystals in appropriate ratios.
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              Determination of the exciton binding energy and effective masses for the methylammonium and formamidinium lead tri-halide perovskite family

              The family of organic-inorganic halide perovskite materials has generated tremendous interest in the field of photovoltaics due to their high power conversion efficiencies. There has been intensive development of cells based on the archetypal methylammonium (MA)and recently introduced formamidinium (FA) materials, however, there is still considerable controversy over their fundamental electronic properties. Two of the most important parameters are the binding energy of the exciton (R\(^{*}\)) and its reduced effective mass \(\mu\). Here we present extensive magneto optical studies of Cl assisted grown MAPbI\(_{3}\) as well as MAPbBr\(_{3}\) and the FA based materials FAPbI\(_{3}\) and FAPbBr\(_{3}\). We fit the excitonic states as a hydrogenic atom in magnetic field and the Landau levels for free carriers to give R\(^{*}\) and \(\mu\). The values of the exciton binding energy are in the range 14 - 25 meV in the low temperature phase and fall considerably at higher temperatures for the tri-iodides, consistent with free carrier behaviour in all devices made from these materials. Both R\(^{*}\) and \(\mu\) increase approximately proportionally to the band gap, and the mass values, 0.09-0.117 m\(_{0}\), are consistent with a simple \textbf{k.p} perturbation approach to the band structure which can be generalized to predict values for the effective mass and binding energy for other members of this perovskite family of materials.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Nanomaterials (Basel)
                nanomaterials
                Nanomaterials
                MDPI
                2079-4991
                19 January 2019
                January 2019
                : 9
                : 1
                : 121
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; chtien@ 123456mail.ntut.edu.tw (C.-H.T.); bj031001@ 123456gmail.com (J.-H.R.)
                [2 ]Department of Electronic Engineering and Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: ocean@ 123456ntut.edu.tw (L.-C.C.); tw78787788@ 123456yahoo.com.tw (Z.-L.T.); Tel.: +886-2-27712171 (ext. 4634) (L.-C.C.); +886-2-29089899 (ext. 4866) (Z.-L.T.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5470-8491
                Article
                nanomaterials-09-00121
                10.3390/nano9010121
                6359312
                30669436
                d5532136-79b9-41ad-9183-80de505dd3b0
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 17 November 2018
                : 14 January 2019
                Categories
                Article

                solar cells,perovskite,quantum dots,mapbi3,fapbx3
                solar cells, perovskite, quantum dots, mapbi3, fapbx3

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