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      Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications

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          Abstract

          Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are a mesenchymal stem cell source with properties of self-renewal and multipotential differentiation. Compared to bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), ASCs can be derived from more sources and are harvested more easily. Three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering scaffolds are better able to mimic the in vivo cellular microenvironment, which benefits the localization, attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of ASCs. Therefore, tissue-engineered ASCs are recognized as an attractive substitute for tissue and organ transplantation. In this paper, we review the characteristics of ASCs, as well as the biomaterials and tissue engineering methods used to proliferate and differentiate ASCs in a 3D environment. Clinical applications of tissue-engineered ASCs are also discussed to reveal the potential and feasibility of using tissue-engineered ASCs in regenerative medicine.

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          Induction of pluripotent stem cells from fibroblast cultures.

          Kazutoshi Takahashi, Keisuke Okita, Masato Nakagawa … (2007)
          Clinical application of embryonic stem (ES) cells faces difficulties regarding use of embryos, as well as tissue rejection after implantation. One way to circumvent these issues is to generate pluripotent stem cells directly from somatic cells. Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state by the injection of a nucleus into an enucleated oocyte or by fusion with ES cells. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these processes. We have recently shown that the combination of four transcription factors can generate ES-like pluripotent stem cells directly from mouse fibroblast cultures. The cells, named induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, can be differentiated into three germ layers and committed to chimeric mice. Here we describe detailed methods and tips for the generation of iPS cells.
          Article 0 comments Cited 258 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Cell interactions with three-dimensional matrices.

            Edna Cukierman, Roumen Pankov, Kenneth M. Yamada (2002)
            Signaling and other cellular functions differ in three-dimensional compared with two-dimensional systems. Cell adhesion structures can evolve in vitro towards in-vivo-like adhesions with distinct biological activities. In this review, we examine recent advances in studies of interactions of fibroblasts with collagen gels and fibronectin-containing matrices that mimic in vivo three-dimensional microenvironments. These three-dimensional systems are illuminating mechanisms of cell-matrix interactions in living organisms.
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              Tissue engineering by self-assembly and bio-printing of living cells.

              Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, Karoly R Jakab, Gabor Forgacs … (2010)
              Biofabrication of living structures with desired topology and functionality requires the interdisciplinary effort of practitioners of the physical, life and engineering sciences. Such efforts are being undertaken in many laboratories around the world. Numerous approaches are pursued, such as those based on the use of natural or artificial scaffolds, decellularized cadaveric extracellular matrices and, most lately, bioprinting. To be successful in this endeavor, it is crucial to provide in vitro micro-environmental clues for the cells resembling those in the organism. Therefore, scaffolds, populated with differentiated cells or stem cells, of increasing complexity and sophistication are being fabricated. However, no matter how sophisticated scaffolds are, they can cause problems stemming from their degradation, eliciting immunogenic reactions and other a priori unforeseen complications. It is also being realized that ultimately the best approach might be to rely on the self-assembly and self-organizing properties of cells and tissues and the innate regenerative capability of the organism itself, not just simply prepare tissue and organ structures in vitro followed by their implantation. Here we briefly review the different strategies for the fabrication of three-dimensional biological structures, in particular bioprinting. We detail a fully biological, scaffoldless, print-based engineering approach that uses self-assembling multicellular units as bio-ink particles and employs early developmental morphogenetic principles, such as cell sorting and tissue fusion.
              Article 0 comments Cited 150 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Stem Cells Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Stem Cells Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SCI
                Title: Stem Cells International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1687-966X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1687-9678
                Publication date (Print): 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 February 2016
                Volume: 2016
                Electronic Location Identifier: 6737345
                Affiliations
                1School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1V 1V7
                2West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
                3Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                *Kyo-in Koo: kikoo@ 123456ulsan.ac.kr and

                Academic Editor: Giuseppe A. Ferraro

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2016/6737345
                PMC ID: 4761677
                PubMed ID: 27057174
                SO-VID: d585deac-8164-47c5-a9ac-82e8e5e63c0a
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016 Ru Dai et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 16 October 2015
                Date revision received : 2 January 2016
                Date accepted : 3 January 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine

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