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      Disease-Related Detection with Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review

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          Abstract

          Rapid diagnosis of diseases at their initial stage is critical for effective clinical outcomes and promotes general public health. Classical in vitro diagnostics require centralized laboratories, tedious work and large, expensive devices. In recent years, numerous electrochemical biosensors have been developed and proposed for detection of various diseases based on specific biomarkers taking advantage of their features, including sensitivity, selectivity, low cost and rapid response. This article reviews research trends in disease-related detection with electrochemical biosensors. Focus has been placed on the immobilization mechanism of electrochemical biosensors, and the techniques and materials used for the fabrication of biosensors are introduced in details. Various biomolecules used for different diseases have been listed. Besides, the advances and challenges of using electrochemical biosensors for disease-related applications are discussed.

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          Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles and Architectures

          Dorothee Grieshaber, Robert MacKenzie, Janos Vörös … (2008)
          Quantification of biological or biochemical processes are of utmost importance for medical, biological and biotechnological applications. However, converting the biological information to an easily processed electronic signal is challenging due to the complexity of connecting an electronic device directly to a biological environment. Electrochemical biosensors provide an attractive means to analyze the content of a biological sample due to the direct conversion of a biological event to an electronic signal. Over the past decades several sensing concepts and related devices have been developed. In this review, the most common traditional techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, and various field-effect transistor based methods are presented along with selected promising novel approaches, such as nanowire or magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensing. Additional measurement techniques, which have been shown useful in combination with electrochemical detection, are also summarized, such as the electrochemical versions of surface plasmon resonance, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance, and scanning probe microscopy. The signal transduction and the general performance of electrochemical sensors are often determined by the surface architectures that connect the sensing element to the biological sample at the nanometer scale. The most common surface modification techniques, the various electrochemical transduction mechanisms, and the choice of the recognition receptor molecules all influence the ultimate sensitivity of the sensor. New nanotechnology-based approaches, such as the use of engineered ion-channels in lipid bilayers, the encapsulation of enzymes into vesicles, polymersomes, or polyelectrolyte capsules provide additional possibilities for signal amplification. In particular, this review highlights the importance of the precise control over the delicate interplay between surface nano-architectures, surface functionalization and the chosen sensor transducer principle, as well as the usefulness of complementary characterization tools to interpret and to optimize the sensor response.
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            Electrochemical biosensors.

            Niina J. Ronkainen, H Brian Halsall, William R. Heineman (2010)
            Electrochemical biosensors combine the sensitivity of electroanalytical methods with the inherent bioselectivity of the biological component. The biological component in the sensor recognizes its analyte resulting in a catalytic or binding event that ultimately produces an electrical signal monitored by a transducer that is proportional to analyte concentration. Some of these sensor devices have reached the commercial stage and are routinely used in clinical, environmental, industrial, and agricultural applications. The two classes of electrochemical biosensors, biocatalytic devices and affinity sensors, will be discussed in this critical review to provide an accessible introduction to electrochemical biosensors for any scientist (110 references).
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              Carbon-Nanotube Based Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review

              Joseph Wang (2005)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 October 2017
                Publication date Collection: October 2017
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2375
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Chongqing Key Laboratory of Non-linear Circuit and Intelligent Information Processing, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; hanhanblala@ 123456email.swu.edu.cn (Y.H.); wx42633@ 123456email.swu.edu.cn (J.X.); bd630985@ 123456email.swu.edu.cn (J.L.)
                [2 ]Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University) Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
                [3 ]CET-College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; wang19960207@ 123456email.swu.edu.cn
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Chenbin121@ 123456swu.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-182-2310-5797
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-17-02375
                DOI: 10.3390/s17102375
                PMC ID: 5676665
                PubMed ID: 29039742
                SO-VID: d5a395fb-b2ad-416e-832c-1c0a4f3a01d4
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 12 September 2017
                Date accepted : 14 October 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: electrochemical biosensor,disease detection,biomolecules
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: electrochemical biosensor, disease detection, biomolecules

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