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      Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Acute Renal Failure Associated with Hemophilus influenzae Septic Meningitis

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          Abstract

          Sepsis is often associated with a downward spiral through a spectrum of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) culminating in organ failure and death. Here we present a 3-year-old girl with Hemophilus influenzae septic meningitis who developed SIRS and acute renal failure. In the initial stage, the patient showed uremia, cytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, elevation of tissue enzyme and ferritin values, hemophagocytosis and overproduction of nitric oxide. The serum cytokine profile revealed increased levels of soluble interleukin (IL)-2 receptor, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor α. The patient responded positively to early and intensive interventions including antibiotics, repeated exchange transfusions, dexamethasone and high-dose γ-globulin. The above laboratory abnormalities almost normalized with clinical improvement. We consider that SIRS was probably responsible for the sequence of events resulting in renal failure in this case, and suggest that renal failure should be included among the serious complications of SIRS associated with Hemophilus influenzae septic meningitis.

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          Interleukin-10 production during septicaemia

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            Measurements of total plasma nitrite and nitrate in pediatric patients with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

            The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is typified by the presence of fever, hemodynamic changes, and end organ dysfunction. Endothelial cell activation leads to overproduction of nitric oxide, which results in sustained vasodilation and hypotension. This study was undertaken to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of plasma nitrite/nitrate measurements in identifying patients with clinical characteristics of SIRS, as defined by criteria based on physician diagnosis. Prospective cohort study with consecutive sampling of patients. Tertiary, multidisciplinary, pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin. Patients were divided into five groups. There were 16 pediatric controls undergoing elective surgery and 177 pediatric ICU patients without and 46 pediatric ICU patients with physician-diagnosed sepsis, septic shock, SIRS, or sepsis syndrome documented in the medical record (all considered physician-diagnosed sepsis). The 223 pediatric ICU patients included 195 pediatric ICU patients not meeting and 28 pediatric ICU patients meeting predetermined physiologic criteria for SIRS (considered criteria-based sepsis). Blood samples were obtained for quantitative nitrite/nitrate analysis at the time of admission to the pediatric ICU and daily until discharge. Mean plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations in the controls were 34.5 +/- 12 microM (95th percentile 54 microM). In pediatric ICU patients without and with physician-diagnosed sepsis, mean plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations were 39 +/- 24 microM (p > .05 compared with controls) and 127 +/- 91 microM (p 54 microM to identify patients with physician-diagnosed sepsis is characterized as follows: 87% sensitivity, 77% specificity, 50% positive predictive value, and 96% negative predictive value. The ability of plasma nitrite/nitrate > 54 microM to identify patients with criteria-based sepsis is characterized as follows: 61% sensitivity, 68% specificity, 21% positive predictive value, and 92% negative predictive value. Clinical diagnosis of SIRS is strongly associated with increased total plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations in pediatric patients in the pediatric ICU. Many patients with increased nitrite/nitrate concentrations have inflammation without having a clinical diagnosis of SIRS. Our data suggest that increased plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations are the standard for identifying patients with inflammation in the pediatric ICU.
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              Author and article information

              Journal
              AJN
              Am J Nephrol
              10.1159/issn.0250-8095
              American Journal of Nephrology
              S. Karger AG
              0250-8095
              1421-9670
              2000
              June 2000
              30 June 2000
              : 20
              : 3
              : 208-211
              Affiliations
              Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Fukui Medical University, Fukui, Japan
              Article
              13585 Am J Nephrol 2000;20:208–211
              10.1159/000013585
              10878402
              d5a8652a-c2df-4964-9f78-6d4e4bc72226
              © 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel

              Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

              History
              Page count
              Tables: 1, References: 11, Pages: 4
              Categories
              Case Report

              Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
              Acute renal failure,Cytokine,<italic>Hemophilus influenzae</italic>,Septic meningitis,Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

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