10
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Atlas of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Organelles Significant for Clinical Imaging

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Purpose

          To quantify organelles impacting imaging in the cell body and intact apical processes of human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), including melanosomes, lipofuscin–melanolipofuscin (LM), mitochondria, and nuclei.

          Methods

          A normal perifovea of a 21-year-old white male was preserved after rapid organ recovery. An aligned image stack was generated using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and was annotated by expert readers (TrakEM, ImageJ). Acquired measures included cell body and nuclear volume ( n = 17); organelle count in apical processes ( n = 17) and cell bodies ( n = 8); distance of cell body organelles along a normalized apical–basal axis ( n = 8); and dimensions of organelle-bounding boxes in apical processes in selected subsamples of cell bodies and apical processes.

          Results

          In 2661 sections through 17 cells, apical processes contained 65 ± 24 melanosomes in mononucleate ( n = 15) and 131 ± 28 in binucleate cells ( n = 2). Cell bodies contained 681 ± 153 LM and 734 ± 170 mitochondria. LM was excluded from the basal quartile, and mitochondria from the apical quartile. Lengths of melanosomes, LM, and mitochondria, respectively were 2305 ± 528, 1320 ± 574, and 1195 ± 294 nm. The ratio of cell body to nucleus volume was 4.6 ± 0.4. LM and mitochondria covered 75% and 63%, respectively, of the retinal imaging plane.

          Conclusions

          Among RPE signal sources for optical coherence tomography, LM and mitochondria are the most numerous reflective cell body organelles. These and our published data show that most melanosomes are in apical processes. Overlapping LM and previously mitochondria cushions may support multiple reflective bands in cell bodies. This atlas of subcellular reflectivity sources can inform development of advanced optical coherence tomography technologies.

          Related collections

          Most cited references81

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States.

          To estimate the cause-specific prevalence and distribution of blindness and low vision in the United States by age, race/ethnicity, and gender, and to estimate the change in these prevalence figures over the next 20 years. Summary prevalence estimates of blindness (both according to the US definition of < or =6/60 [< or =20/200] best-corrected visual acuity in the better-seeing eye and the World Health Organization standard of < 6/120 [< 20/400]) and low vision (< 6/12 [< 20/40] best-corrected vision in the better-seeing eye) were prepared separately for black, Hispanic, and white persons in 5-year age intervals starting at 40 years. The estimated prevalences were based on recent population-based studies in the United States, Australia, and Europe. These estimates were applied to 2000 US Census data, and to projected US population figures for 2020, to estimate the number of Americans with visual impairment. Cause-specific prevalences of blindness and low vision were also estimated for the different racial/ethnic groups. Based on demographics from the 2000 US Census, an estimated 937 000 (0.78%) Americans older than 40 years were blind (US definition). An additional 2.4 million Americans (1.98%) had low vision. The leading cause of blindness among white persons was age-related macular degeneration (54.4% of the cases), while among black persons, cataract and glaucoma accounted for more than 60% of blindness. Cataract was the leading cause of low vision, responsible for approximately 50% of bilateral vision worse than 6/12 (20/40) among white, black, and Hispanic persons. The number of blind persons in the US is projected to increase by 70% to 1.6 million by 2020, with a similar rise projected for low vision. Blindness or low vision affects approximately 1 in 28 Americans older than 40 years. The specific causes of visual impairment, and especially blindness, vary greatly by race/ethnicity. The prevalence of visual disabilities will increase markedly during the next 20 years, owing largely to the aging of the US population.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Proposed lexicon for anatomic landmarks in normal posterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: the IN•OCT consensus.

            To develop a consensus nomenclature for the classification of retinal and choroidal layers and bands visible on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images of a normal eye.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              A review of the optical properties of biological tissues

                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
                Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci
                iovs
                IOVS
                Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
                The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
                0146-0404
                1552-5783
                10 July 2020
                July 2020
                : 61
                : 8
                : 13
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
                [2 ]Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
                [3 ]Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
                [4 ]Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
                [5 ]Department of Biologic Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Christine A. Curcio, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, EyeSight Foundation of Alabama Vision Research Laboratories, 1670 University Boulevard, Room 360, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA; christinecurcio@ 123456uabmc.edu .
                [#]

                AP and MN contributed equally to the work presented here and therefore should be regarded as equivalent authors.

                Article
                IOVS-20-29429
                10.1167/iovs.61.8.13
                7425708
                32648890
                d5cb8d30-c197-4275-82cf-78b07023c7db
                Copyright 2020 The Authors

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 April 2020
                : 25 January 2020
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Categories
                Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging
                Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging

                retinal pigment epithelium,human,electron microscopy,lipofuscin,melanosomes,melanolipofuscin,mitochondria,optical coherence tomography,color fundus photography

                Comments

                Comment on this article