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      Vagal tone during infant contingency learning and its disruption : Vagal Tone and Infant Contingency Learning

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      Developmental Psychobiology
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          <p class="first" id="P1">This study used contingency learning to examine changes in infants’ vagal tone during learning and its disruption. The heart rate of 160 five-month-old infants was recorded continuously during the first of two training sessions as they experienced an audiovisual event contingent on their pulling. Maternal reports of infant temperament were also collected. Baseline vagal tone, a measure of parasympathetic regulation of the heart, was related to vagal levels during the infants’ contingency learning session, but not to their learner status. Vagal tone levels did not vary significantly over session minutes. Instead, vagal tone levels were a function of both individual differences in learner status and infant soothability. Vagal levels of infants who learned in the initial session were similar regardless of their soothability; however, vagal levels of infants who learned in a subsequent session differed as a function of soothability. Additionally, vagal levels during contingency disruption were significantly higher among infants in this group who were more soothable as opposed to those who were less soothable. The results suggest that contingency learning and disruption is associated with stable vagal tone in the majority of infants, but that individual differences in attention processes and state associated with vagal tone may be most readily observed during the disruption phase. </p>

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          Most cited references46

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          Affective Style and Affective Disorders: Perspectives from Affective Neuroscience

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            The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system.

            The evolution of the autonomic nervous system provides an organizing principle to interpret the adaptive significance of physiological responses in promoting social behavior. According to the polyvagal theory, the well-documented phylogenetic shift in neural regulation of the autonomic nervous system passes through three global stages, each with an associated behavioral strategy. The first stage is characterized by a primitive unmyelinated visceral vagus that fosters digestion and responds to threat by depressing metabolic activity. Behaviorally, the first stage is associated with immobilization behaviors. The second stage is characterized by the sympathetic nervous system that is capable of increasing metabolic output and inhibiting the visceral vagus to foster mobilization behaviors necessary for 'fight or flight'. The third stage, unique to mammals, is characterized by a myelinated vagus that can rapidly regulate cardiac output to foster engagement and disengagement with the environment. The mammalian vagus is neuroanatomically linked to the cranial nerves that regulate social engagement via facial expression and vocalization. As the autonomic nervous system changed through the process of evolution, so did the interplay between the autonomic nervous system and the other physiological systems that respond to stress, including the cortex, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the neuropeptides of oxytocin and vasopressin, and the immune system. From this phylogenetic orientation, the polyvagal theory proposes a biological basis for social behavior and an intervention strategy to enhance positive social behavior.
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              Measurement of Temperament in Infancy

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Developmental Psychobiology
                Dev Psychobiol
                Wiley
                00121630
                April 2016
                April 2016
                October 30 2015
                : 58
                : 3
                : 366-381
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Nursing; Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences-Rutgers University; Newark NJ 07101
                Article
                10.1002/dev.21376
                4805499
                26517573
                d6576430-572c-4675-ac4d-c8a49c6c8b29
                © 2015

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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