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      Virtual reality systems for rodents

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          Abstract

          Over the last decade virtual reality (VR) setups for rodents have been developed and utilized to investigate the neural foundations of behavior. Such VR systems became very popular since they allow the use of state-of-the-art techniques to measure neural activity in behaving rodents that cannot be easily used with classical behavior setups. Here, we provide an overview of rodent VR technologies and review recent results from related research. We discuss commonalities and differences as well as merits and issues of different approaches. A special focus is given to experimental (behavioral) paradigms in use. Finally we comment on possible use cases that may further exploit the potential of VR in rodent research and hence inspire future studies.

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          Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex.

          Torkel Hafting, Marianne Fyhn, Sturla Molden … (2005)
          The ability to find one's way depends on neural algorithms that integrate information about place, distance and direction, but the implementation of these operations in cortical microcircuits is poorly understood. Here we show that the dorsocaudal medial entorhinal cortex (dMEC) contains a directionally oriented, topographically organized neural map of the spatial environment. Its key unit is the 'grid cell', which is activated whenever the animal's position coincides with any vertex of a regular grid of equilateral triangles spanning the surface of the environment. Grids of neighbouring cells share a common orientation and spacing, but their vertex locations (their phases) differ. The spacing and size of individual fields increase from dorsal to ventral dMEC. The map is anchored to external landmarks, but persists in their absence, suggesting that grid cells may be part of a generalized, path-integration-based map of the spatial environment.
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            The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat.

            Regis O'Keefe, J Dostrovsky (1971)
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              Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles.

              György Buzsáki (2004)
              How does the brain orchestrate perceptions, thoughts and actions from the spiking activity of its neurons? Early single-neuron recording research treated spike pattern variability as noise that needed to be averaged out to reveal the brain's representation of invariant input. Another view is that variability of spikes is centrally coordinated and that this brain-generated ensemble pattern in cortical structures is itself a potential source of cognition. Large-scale recordings from neuronal ensembles now offer the opportunity to test these competing theoretical frameworks. Currently, wire and micro-machined silicon electrode arrays can record from large numbers of neurons and monitor local neural circuits at work. Achieving the full potential of massively parallel neuronal recordings, however, will require further development of the neuron-electrode interface, automated and efficient spike-sorting algorithms for effective isolation and identification of single neurons, and new mathematical insights for the analysis of network properties.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Zool
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Zool
                Journal ID (publisher-id): czoolo
                Title: Current Zoology
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 1674-5507
                Publication date (Print): February 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 June 2016
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 June 2016
                Volume: 63
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 109-119
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department Biologie II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany [b ]Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich, Germany, [c ]Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
                Author notes
                [* ]Address correspondence to Kay Thurley. E-mail: thurley@ 123456bio.lmu.de .
                Article
                Publisher ID: zow070
                DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow070
                PMC ID: 5804145
                PubMed ID: 29491968
                SO-VID: d679f5d2-f01c-48a7-85a9-3d7a2df7728c
                Copyright © © The Author (2016). Published by Oxford University Press.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                Date received : 11 February 2016
                Date accepted : 26 May 2016
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: Bernstein Center Munich
                Award ID: 01GQ1004A
                Funded by: BMBF (Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany)
                Funded by: University of Zurich, Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Marie Heim Vögtlin
                Award ID: PMPDP3_145476
                Funded by: SNSF Ambizione
                Award ID: PZ00P3_161544
                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                Keywords: behavioral neuroscience,closed loop,multisensory stimulation,neural coding,sensorimotor integration,spatial navigation.
                Data availability:
                Keywords: behavioral neuroscience, closed loop, multisensory stimulation, neural coding, sensorimotor integration, spatial navigation.

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