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      Alimentación familiar: influencia en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria Translated title: Family food habits: influence on development and maintenance of eating disorders

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          Abstract

          Resumen Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, en adelante TCA, son alteraciones de la conducta relacionada con la alimentación que normalmente se ven influenciados en gran medida por la alimentación del entorno y de la familia. Abordar los factores de riesgo que pueden estar relacionados con la alimentación familiar y que podrían ser desencadenantes de un TCA es clave como prevención. De las diferentes investigaciones de relevantes autores que estudiaron la correlación entre el ámbito familiar y los TCA, con centro en la alimentación familiar, surge el foco de esta revisión, tratando de dar una explicación a los motivos que apuntan a la relación entre alimentación familiar y TCA, destacando los factores de riesgo que se han considerado más influyentes tanto en el desarrollo como en el mantenimiento de los mismos. El objetivo es entender de qué manera el núcleo familiar puede influir sobre estos trastornos dependiendo de sus valores y creencias, la personalidad y relación de cada miembro con la persona afectada o las patologías previas, así como la herencia genética. Los resultados obtenidos fueron mayoritariamente correlacionales, es decir, una familia desestructurada, con altos niveles de ansiedad o estrés, o con presencia de sobrepeso, implicará más riesgo de que algún miembro sufra un TCA en contraposición a aquellas familias con buena comunicación y roles establecidos donde el peso no es importante. Sin embargo, y como se desarrolla a lo largo del trabajo, esto no parece ser un factor que se cumpla en todos los casos. El mantenimiento de estos desórdenes puede variar en función de la implicación que muestre la familia por la recuperación del paciente, la disposición de dicha familia a cambiar sus hábitos y la mejora del ambiente de convivencia.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Eating disorders (mainly anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder) are eating-related behavioral disturbances that are normally largely influenced by eating environment and family. Thus, addressing risk factors that may be related to family eating and that could be triggers for an eating disorder is key as prevention. From the different investigations in books and publications by great authors that studied the correlation between the family environment and eating disorders, Family Eating has been the focus of this review, trying to give an explanation to the reasons that point to the relationship between family nutrition and the appearance of these disorders, highlighting the risk factors that have been considered most influential both in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. The objective is to understand how the family nucleus can influence these disorders depending on the values and beliefs they have, the personality and relationship of each member with the affected person or previous pathologies, as well as genetic inheritance. The results obtained were mostly correlational, that is, an unstructured family concerned excessively with the figure, with high levels of anxiety or stress and previous overweight pathologies will tend to be more predisposed to a member suffering from an eating disorder than those families with good communication and established roles where weight is not important. However, and as it develops throughout the work, this does not seem to be a factor that is met in all cases. The maintenance of these disorders may vary depending on the family's involvement in the recovery of the patient, the family's willingness to change their habits and the improvement of the coexistence environment.

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          Most cited references34

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          Attachment in anorexia nervosa: a transgenerational perspective.

          Both clinical and empirical studies suggest that insecure attachment is common in eating disordered populations. Clinical studies have addressed mother-daughter interactions, but there has been little empirical research into the mother's own attachment patterns and whether there might be intergenerational transmission of these patterns. We aimed to examine the attachment status of patients with severe anorexia nervosa and their mothers, using the 'gold standard' Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). We predicted: (1) a high level of insecurity among the patients (women with anorexia nervosa with or without bulimic behaviours); (2) that the mothers would show a higher rate of insecurity than predicted by population norms; and (3) that there might be attachment style associations within mother-daughter pairs. Twenty consecutive in-patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of anorexia nervosa were interviewed using the AAI, as were 12 of their mothers. The mental state of daughters was rated by experienced clinicians, and that of mothers by the Clinical Interview Schedule (Revised). AAIs were transcribed and rated by expert raters. Nineteen (95%) daughters and 10 (83%) mothers were rated insecure on the AAI. Of these, 15 (79%) daughters and seven (70%) mothers were dismissive in type. We did not find an association between mothers' and daughters' attachment style. The incidence of unresolved loss was high among the mothers (67%). Idealization scores were high and reflective functioning scores low in both mother and daughter groups. Women with anorexia nervosa and their mothers commonly have a dismissive attachment style. Low levels of reflective functioning and high idealization scores are found in both groups, and may be learned (or transmitted) from mother to daughter. A difficulty in emotional processing, exemplified by unresolved loss, may be transmitted to daughters, and act as a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa.
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            La construcción cultural del cuerpo: El paradigma de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria

            Antecedentes: La construcción de la imagen corporal ideal se basa en valores, creencias y patrones estéticos característicos de nuestra sociedad occidental, en cuyo contexto emergen los trastornos alimentarios (TCA). Objetivo: Describir los factores que contribuyen a la construcción cultural del cuerpo en los TCA. Método: Se efectuó una revisión exhaustiva de la evidencia en la literatura especializada nacional e internacional. Resultados: El modelo de belleza occidental contemporáneo promueve una silueta corporal delgada, sinónimo de éxito, atractivo e inteligencia, observada principalmente en la clase social alta, enfatizada por el modelaje, los medios de comunicación, la publicidad y el culto narcisista al cuerpo, predisponiendo al desarrollo de los TCA. También contribuyen a la construcción cultural del cuerpo, factores individuales, tales como las diferencias genéricas (95% de los casos de TCA afectan a mujeres), la identificación predominante con el estereotipo de rol de género femenino, la mayor prevalencia en la raza blanca, la relevante influencia de la familia y las amistades sobre el peso, silueta y alimentos, las críticas y/o burlas de los otros significativos, el reforzamiento social respecto a los cambios biológicos y emocionales de la adolescencia, los rasgos perfeccionistas y la filiación a los sitios web "pro-ana" y "pro-mia". Conclusiones: La internalización de las presiones socioculturales genera consecuencias negativas y distorsionadas en los cuerpos femeninos, especialmente en mujeres adolescentes y adultas jóvenes en riesgo para desarrollar TCA. Son necesarias las estrategias de prevención primaria y psicoeducación para manejar en un estilo más sano los mensajes mediáticos enfocados en la perfección corporal.
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              Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales DSM-IV-TR

              (2002)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2020
                : 5
                : 10
                : 1221-1244
                Affiliations
                [2] Sevilla orgnameNorte Salud Nutrición España
                [1] Sevilla Andalucía orgnameUniversidad Pablo de Olavide Spain
                [3] Sevilla orgnameInstituto de Ciencias de la Conducta España
                Article
                S2529-850X2020001000011 S2529-850X(20)00501000011
                10.19230/jonnpr.3955
                d69d0dc1-bc87-4a2d-9010-19ae1aa6c217

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 August 2020
                : 10 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 24
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                bulimia nerviosa,family diet,eating disorder,risk factors,development,maintenance,nervous abnormality,bulimia nervosa,binge eating disorder,alimentación familiar,trastorno de la conducta alimentaria,factores de riesgo,desarrollo,mantenimiento,anorexia nerviosa,trastorno por atracón

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