Animal models of metabolic syndrome: a review

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Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of several medical conditions that collectively predict the risk for cardiovascular disease better than the sum of individual conditions. The risk of developing MetS in human depends on synergy of both genetic and environmental factors. Being a multifactorial condition with alarming rate of prevalence nowadays, establishment of appropriate experimental animal models mimicking the disease state in humans is crucial in order to solve the difficulties in evaluating the pathophysiology of MetS in human. This review aims to summarize the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of dietary, genetic, and pharmacological models of MetS. Furthermore, we will discuss the usefulness, suitability, pros and cons of these animal models. Even though numerous animal models of MetS have been established, further investigations on the invention of new animal model and clarification of plausible mechanisms are still necessary to confer a better understanding to researchers on the selection of animal models for their studies.

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Most cited references 109

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Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women.

Matthias B. Schulze (2004)

Sugar-sweetened beverages like soft drinks and fruit punches contain large amounts of readily absorbable sugars and may contribute to weight gain and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but these relationships have been minimally addressed in adults. To examine the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight change and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Prospective cohort analyses conducted from 1991 to 1999 among women in the Nurses' Health Study II. The diabetes analysis included 91,249 women free of diabetes and other major chronic diseases at baseline in 1991. The weight change analysis included 51,603 women for whom complete dietary information and body weight were ascertained in 1991, 1995, and 1999. We identified 741 incident cases of confirmed type 2 diabetes during 716,300 person-years of follow-up. Weight gain and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Those with stable consumption patterns had no difference in weight gain, but weight gain over a 4-year period was highest among women who increased their sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption from 1 or fewer drinks per week to 1 or more drinks per day (multivariate-adjusted means, 4.69 kg for 1991 to 1995 and 4.20 kg for 1995 to 1999) and was smallest among women who decreased their intake (1.34 and 0.15 kg for the 2 periods, respectively) after adjusting for lifestyle and dietary confounders. Increased consumption of fruit punch was also associated with greater weight gain compared with decreased consumption. After adjustment for potential confounders, women consuming 1 or more sugar-sweetened soft drinks per day had a relative risk [RR] of type 2 diabetes of 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-2.36; P or =1 drink per day compared with <1 drink per month, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.33-3.03; P =.001). Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a greater magnitude of weight gain and an increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes in women, possibly by providing excessive calories and large amounts of rapidly absorbable sugars.

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John Bantle, Judith Wylie-Rosett, Ann Albright … (2008)

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Leptin.

R Ahima, J Flier (2000)

The discovery of the adipose-derived hormone leptin has generated enormous interest in the interaction between peripheral signals and brain targets involved in the regulation of feeding and energy balance. Plasma leptin levels correlate with fat stores and respond to changes in energy balance. It was initially proposed that leptin serves a primary role as an anti-obesity hormone, but this role is commonly thwarted by leptin resistance. Leptin also serves as a mediator of the adaptation to fasting, and this role may be the primary function for which the molecule evolved. There is increasing evidence that leptin has systemic effects apart from those related to energy homeostasis, including regulation of neuroendocrine and immune function and a role in development.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana: imasoel@ppukm.ukm.edu.my

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutr Metab (Lond)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutr Metab (Lond)

Title: Nutrition & Metabolism

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1743-7075

Publication date (Electronic): 4 October 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 4 October 2016

Publication date Collection: 2016

Volume: 13

Electronic Location Identifier: 65

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

[2 ]Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Article

Publisher ID: 123

DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0123-9

PMC ID: 5050917

PubMed ID: 27708685

SO-VID: d6ae3a2e-7b36-4109-a663-35c489aa86db

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 3 August 2016

Date accepted : 10 September 2016

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004515, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia;

Award ID: DIP-2014-040

Award Recipient : Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics

Keywords: antipsychotic drugs,carbohydrate,fat,fructose,glucocorticoid,leptin,sucrose

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics

Keywords: antipsychotic drugs, carbohydrate, fat, fructose, glucocorticoid, leptin, sucrose

Animal models of metabolic syndrome: a review

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Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 109

Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women.

Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association.

Leptin.

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