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      Prevalence of Graves’ ophthalmopathy in patients with Graves’ disease presenting to a referral centre in north India

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          Abstract

          Background & objectives:

          The prevalence of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) varies widely in different ethnic groups. Indians have been reported to have a lower prevalence of Graves’ ophthalmopathy as compared to Caucasians of European origin, but data are sparse and inconclusive. We studied the prevalence, clinical features and association of GO in Indian patients with Graves’ disease attending a referral centre in north India.

          Methods:

          A prospective study was conducted on 235 consecutive newly referred north Indian patients with Graves’ disease presenting to a tertiary care centre in north India. All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination as per the European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) recommendations.

          Results:

          GO was diagnosed in 65 patients (prevalence 28%; 95% confidence interval 22-33%). The prevalence was similar in males (28%) and females (27%). It was mild in 83 per cent, moderate-severe in 15 per cent and sight-threatening in only 2 per cent of cases. Ophthalmopathy was clinically active in only two (3%) cases. Upper eyelid retraction was the most common manifestation (83%), followed by exophthalmos (75%). Extra-ocular muscle involvement (5%) and optic nerve dysfunction (2%) were uncommon. The risk of GO was 3.9- fold (95% confidence interval 1.1-13.6) higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. However, severity of disease in smokers was similar to non-smokers. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, GO was associated only with high thyrotropin receptor antibody titres and current smoking.

          Interpretation & conclusions:

          Among north Indian patients with GD studied at a referral center, the prevalence of GO was similar to Caucasians of European descent, but clinically active and severe ophthalmopathy was uncommon. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.

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          Most cited references20

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          Graves' ophthalmopathy.

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            Clinical activity score as a guide in the management of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy.

            Approximately 35% of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy do not respond to immunosuppressive treatment. A possible explanation for this finding is that only patients with active ophthalmopathy respond to immunosuppressive treatment, whereas patients with fibrotic end stage disease do not. To distinguish between these two groups and to predict the outcome of immunosuppressive treatment, we developed a clinical activity score (CAS) based on four of the five classical signs of inflammation and tested its efficacy in a double-blind, prospective study. The CAS was determined by an opthalmologist before, on the day of, and after the start of either oral prednisone or retrobulbar irradiation in 43 patients with moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. The therapeutic outcome was determined by a second ophthalmologist unaware of the CAS stores given. Success of treatment was defined as an improvement in NOSPECS class or grade. Responders (22) and non-responders (21) did not differ in age, sex, duration or severity of their Graves' ophthalmopathy. The pretreatment CAS, however, was significantly higher in responders than in non-responders. Twelve of 22 responders and three of 21 non-responders had a CAS > or = 4 (55% vs 14%; P or = 4 had a similar duration of Graves' ophthalmopathy as patients with a CAS < 4. The clinical activity score has a high predictive value for the outcome of immunosuppressive treatment in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Disease activity, and not disease duration, is the prime determinant of therapeutic outcome.
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              Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Indian J Med Res
                Indian J. Med. Res
                IJMR
                The Indian Journal of Medical Research
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                0971-5916
                0975-9174
                January 2014
                : 139
                : 1
                : 99-104
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
                [* ] Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
                Author notes
                Reprint requests: Dr Subhash B. Yadav, Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 014, India e-mail: subhash70@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                IJMR-139-99
                3994747
                24604044
                d6e1ec1b-0086-4dca-9018-d583d9d71065
                Copyright: © Indian Journal of Medical Research

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 07 June 2012
                Categories
                Original Article

                Medicine
                graves’ disease,graves’ ophthalmopathy,indians,smoking
                Medicine
                graves’ disease, graves’ ophthalmopathy, indians, smoking

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