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      A novel exopolysaccharide from the biofilm of Thermus aquaticus YT-1 induces the immune response through Toll-like receptor 2.

      The Journal of Biological Chemistry
      Adjuvants, Immunologic, pharmacology, Animals, Biofilms, Carbohydrate Conformation, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Interleukin-6, genetics, immunology, Macrophage Activation, drug effects, Macrophages, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88, Polysaccharides, Bacterial, Thermus, physiology, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

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          Abstract

          Bacterial polysaccharides are known to induce the immune response in macrophages. Here we isolated a novel extracellular polysaccharide from the biofilm of Thermus aquaticus YT-1 and evaluated its structure and immunomodulatory effects. The size of this polysaccharide, TA-1, was deduced by size-exclusion chromatography as 500 kDa. GC-MS, high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, electrospray ionization-MS/MS, and NMR revealed the novel structure of TA-1. The polysaccharide is composed of tetrasaccharide-repeating units of galactofuranose, galactopyranose, and N-acetylgalactosamine (1:1:2) and lacked acidic sugars. TA-1 stimulated macrophage cells to produce the cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Screening of Toll-like receptors and antibody-blocking experiments indicated that the natural receptor of TA-1 in its immunoactivity is TLR2. Recognition of TA-1 by TLR2 was confirmed by TA-1 induction of IL-6 production in peritoneal macrophages from wild-type mice but not from TLR2(-/-) mice. TA-1, as a TLR2 agonist, could possibly be used as an adjuvant and could enhance cytokine release, which increases the immune response. Furthermore, TA-1 induced cytokine release is dependent on MyD88/TIRAP. © 2011 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

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