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      Acute-on-Chronic Renal Failure in the Rat: Functional Compensation and Hypoxia Tolerance

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          Abstract

          Background: We hypothesized that chronic renal parenchymal disease may predispose to acute renal failure (ARF), facilitating the induction of hypoxic medullary tubular injury. Methods: To induce chronic renal parenchymal injury, rats underwent sham operation (control) or bilateral 50-min clamping of the renal artery [ischemia-reperfusion (IR)]. One or 3 months later, both groups were subjected to an ARF protocol, consisting of radiocontrast and the inhibition of prostaglandin and nitric oxide synthesis. Renal function and morphology were determined 24 h later. Results: Chronic tubulointerstitial changes (fibrosis, atrophy and hypertrophy) in the IR group correlated with baseline tubular function, but glomerular function was preserved. Functional deterioration after the ARF protocol was only marginally more pronounced in the IR group, and the degree of medullary acute tubular necrosis (ATN) was unaffected by prior IR. The extent of both tubular necrosis and chronic tubulointerstitial changes independently predicted the acute decline in renal function. Immunostaining of IR kidneys disclosed critically low medullary pO<sub>2</sub> (determined by pimonidazole adducts), regional hypoxic cell response (hypoxia-inducible factors) and upregulation of endothelin-B receptors. Conclusions: Compensatory changes result in normal plasma creatinine 1 and 3 months after IR, despite diminished tubular function. Preexisting renal disease only marginally predisposes to ARF, and the extent of ATN is not significantly enhanced. These findings illustrate the complex interaction between chronic and acute renal injury and dysfunction and parallel the difficulty of their assessment in the clinical practice. Adaptive cellular responses to chronic hypoxia in conjunction with parenchymal loss and decreased oxygen demand might alleviate acute hypoxic injury.

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          Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary intervention.

          In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the modern era, the incidence and prognostic implications of acute renal failure (ARF) are unknown. With a retrospective analysis of the Mayo Clinic PCI registry, we determined the incidence of, risk factors for, and prognostic implications of ARF (defined as an increase in serum creatinine [Cr] >0.5 mg/dL from baseline) after PCI. Of 7586 patients, 254 (3.3%) experienced ARF. Among patients with baseline Cr 2.0, all had a significant risk of ARF. In multivariate analysis, ARF was associated with baseline serum Cr, acute myocardial infarction, shock, and volume of contrast medium administered. Twenty-two percent of patients with ARF died during the index hospitalization compared with only 1.4% of patients without ARF (P 2.0 are at high risk for ARF. ARF was highly correlated with death during the index hospitalization and after dismissal.
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            Hypoxia of the renal medulla--its implications for disease.

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              Signal transduction to hypoxia-inducible factor 1.

              Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcriptional activator that functions as a master regulator of O2 homeostasis. HIF-1 target genes encode proteins that increase O2 delivery and mediate adaptive responses to O2 deprivation. HIF-1 activity is regulated by the cellular O2 concentration and by the major growth factor-stimulated signal transduction pathways. In human cancer cells, both intratumoral hypoxia and genetic alterations affecting signal transduction pathways lead to increased HIF-1 activity, which promotes angiogenesis, metabolic adaptation, and other critical aspects of tumor progression.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                AJN
                Am J Nephrol
                10.1159/issn.0250-8095
                American Journal of Nephrology
                S. Karger AG
                0250-8095
                1421-9670
                2006
                April 2006
                05 April 2006
                : 26
                : 1
                : 22-33
                Affiliations
                aNephrology Unit, Bikur Holim Hospital, Jerusalem, bDepartment of Physiology, the Technion Medical School, Haifa, and cDepartment of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel; dDepartment of Nephrology and Critical Care, Charité University Clinic, Berlin, and eDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; fDepartment of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
                Article
                91783 Am J Nephrol 2006;26:22–33
                10.1159/000091783
                16508244
                d6fb71ef-7b8a-4c93-996f-ab7f3b575b70
                © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 21 December 2005
                : 25 December 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 4, References: 31, Pages: 12
                Categories
                Original Report: Laboratory Investigation

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Ischemia-reperfusion,Kidney failure, chronic,Medulla,Hypoxia,Kidney failure, acute,Hypoxia-inducible factor,Radiologic contrast media,Pimonidazole,Endothelin-B receptors

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