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      Emerging role of exosomes in craniofacial and dental applications

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          Abstract

          Exosomes, a specific subgroup of extracellular vesicles that are secreted by cells, have been recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication. They participate in a diverse range of physiological and pathological processes. Given the capability of exosomes to carry molecular cargos and transfer bioactive components, exosome-based disease diagnosis and therapeutics have been extensively studied over the past few decades. Herein, we highlight the emerging applications of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic agents in the craniofacial and dental field. Moreover, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of exosomes in clinical applications.

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          Electron microscopic evidence for externalization of the transferrin receptor in vesicular form in sheep reticulocytes

          K. Teng, M Adam Mahmood, C Wu … (1985)
          Using ferritin-labeled protein A and colloidal gold-labeled anti-rabbit IgG, the fate of the sheep transferrin receptor has been followed microscopically during reticulocyte maturation in vitro. After a few minutes of incubation at 37 degrees C, the receptor is found on the cell surface or in simple vesicles of 100-200 nm, in which the receptor appears to line the limiting membrane of the vesicles. With time (60 min or longer), large multivesicular elements (MVEs) appear whose diameter may reach 1-1.5 micron. Inside these large MVEs are round bodies of approximately 50-nm diam that bear the receptor at their external surfaces. The limiting membrane of the large MVEs is relatively free from receptor. When the large MVEs fuse with the plasma membrane, their contents, the 50-nm bodies, are released into the medium. The 50-nm bodies appear to arise by budding from the limiting membrane of the intracellular vesicles. Removal of surface receptor with pronase does not prevent exocytosis of internalized receptor. It is proposed that the exocytosis of the approximately 50-nm bodies represents the mechanism by which the transferrin receptor is shed during reticulocyte maturation.
          Article 0 comments Cited 445 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Progress, opportunity, and perspective on exosome isolation - efforts for efficient exosome-based theranostics

            Dongbin Yang, Weihong Zhang, Huanyun Zhang … (2020)
            Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with diameters of 30-150 nm. In both physiological and pathological conditions, nearly all types of cells can release exosomes, which play important roles in cell communication and epigenetic regulation by transporting crucial protein and genetic materials such as miRNA, mRNA, and DNA. Consequently, exosome-based disease diagnosis and therapeutic methods have been intensively investigated. However, as in any natural science field, the in-depth investigation of exosomes relies heavily on technological advances. Historically, the two main technical hindrances that have restricted the basic and applied researches of exosomes include, first, how to simplify the extraction and improve the yield of exosomes and, second, how to effectively distinguish exosomes from other extracellular vesicles, especially functional microvesicles. Over the past few decades, although a standardized exosome isolation method has still not become available, a number of techniques have been established through exploration of the biochemical and physicochemical features of exosomes. In this work, by comprehensively analyzing the progresses in exosome separation strategies, we provide a panoramic view of current exosome isolation techniques, providing perspectives toward the development of novel approaches for high-efficient exosome isolation from various types of biological matrices. In addition, from the perspective of exosome-based diagnosis and therapeutics, we emphasize the issue of quantitative exosome and microvesicle separation.
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              Epidemiologic trends in head and neck cancer and aids in diagnosis.

              Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Michelle Williams (2014)
              Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer worldwide predominately associated with tobacco use. Changing cause and increased incidence in oropharyngeal carcinomas is associated with high-risk types of human papilloma virus and has an improved survival. Optical devices may augment visual oral examination; however, their lack of specificity still warrants tissue evaluation/biopsy. Histologic factors of oral carcinomas are critical for patient management and prognostic determination. Clinical biomarkers are still needed to improve early detection, predict malignant transformation, and optimize therapies.
              Article 0 comments Cited 273 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Theranostics
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Theranostics
                Journal ID (publisher-id): thno
                Title: Theranostics
                Publisher: Ivyspring International Publisher (Sydney )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1838-7640
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 July 2020
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 19
                Pages: 8648-8664
                Affiliations
                The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
                Author notes
                ✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: zhili@ 123456whu.edu.cn ; Tel/Fax: 86-027-87686216 (Zhi Li) or lizubing@ 123456whu.edu.cn ; Tel/Fax: 86-027-87686217 (Zubing Li)

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

                Article
                Publisher ID: thnov10p8648
                DOI: 10.7150/thno.48291
                PMC ID: 7392016
                PubMed ID: 32754269
                SO-VID: d726f49a-ca00-4a22-b801-07594331d045
                Copyright © © The author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions.

                History
                Date received : 17 May 2020
                Date accepted : 22 June 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: exosome,craniofacial,dental,biomarker,therapy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: exosome, craniofacial, dental, biomarker, therapy

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