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      Estimation and Validation of Dietary Nitrate and Nitrite Intake in Iranian Population

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          Abstract

          Background:

          The aim of this study was calibration of a nitrate (NO 3)/nitrite (NO 2) database for estimated its dietary intakes.

          Methods:

          Overall, 250 healthy Tehranian adults were assessed in 2015 for dietary intakes of NO 3 and NO 2 and its serum and urine concentration. Food composition values for NO 3 and NO 2 were derived from a recent survey conducted on frequently consumed food items among Iranians. The correlation of dietary intakes of NO 3/NO 2 and its urinary and serum values was evaluated.

          Results:

          Mean (±SD) intakes of dietary NO 3 and NO 2 were 505±160 and 7.7±2.2 mg/d, respectively. The correlation coefficient of intake and urinary NO 3 was 0.83 (95% CI=0.56–0.91) and 0.57 (95% CI=0.49–0.67) in men and women, respectively. A moderate agreement was also observed between NO 2 intake and its urinary levels ( r=0.27, 95% CI=0.13–0.37, and 0.29, 95% CI=0.17–0.41, in men and women, respectively).

          Conclusion:

          Using a national database of NO 3 and NO 2 content of food items along with a valid food frequency questionnaire could provide a valid estimation of dietary intakes of NO 3 in the target population.

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          Most cited references36

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          Prevention of non-communicable disease in a population in nutrition transition: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study phase II

          Fereidoun Azizi, Arash Ghanbarian, Amir Momenan … (2009)
          Background The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) is a long term integrated community-based program for prevention of non-communicable disorders (NCD) by development of a healthy lifestyle and reduction of NCD risk factors. The study begun in 1999, is ongoing, to be continued for at least 20 years. A primary survey was done to collect baseline data in 15005 individuals, over 3 years of age, selected from cohorts of three medical heath centers. A questionnaire for past medical history and data was completed during interviews; blood pressure, pulse rate, and anthropometrical measurements and a limited physical examination were performed and lipid profiles, fasting blood sugar and 2-hours-postload-glucose challenge were measured. A DNA bank was also collected. For those subjects aged over 30 years, Rose questionnaire was completed and an electrocardiogram was taken. Data collected were directly stored in computers as database software- computer assisted system. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of lifestyle modification in preventing or postponing the development of NCD risk factors and outcomes in the TLGS population. Design and methods In phase II of the TLGS, lifestyle interventions were implemented in 5630 people and 9375 individuals served as controls. Primary, secondary and tertiary interventions were designed based on specific target groups including schoolchildren, housewives, and high-risk persons. Officials of various sectors such as health, education, municipality, police, media, traders and community leaders were actively engaged as decision makers and collaborators. Interventional strategies were based on lifestyle modifications in diet, smoking and physical activity through face-to-face education, leaflets & brochures, school program alterations, training volunteers as health team and treating patients with NCD risk factors. Collection of demographic, clinical and laboratory data will be repeated every 3 years to assess the effects of different interventions in the intervention group as compared to control group. Conclusion This controlled community intervention will test the possibility of preventing or delaying the onset of non-communicable risk factors and disorders in a population in nutrition transition. Trial registration ISRCTN52588395
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            Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics.

            R Lancaster, Kenneth McCurry, Tienush Rassaf … (2009)
            Inorganic nitrate and nitrite from endogenous or dietary sources are metabolized in vivo to nitric oxide (NO) and other bioactive nitrogen oxides. The nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway is emerging as an important mediator of blood flow regulation, cell signaling, energetics and tissue responses to hypoxia. The latest advances in our understanding of the biochemistry, physiology and therapeutics of nitrate, nitrite and NO were discussed during a recent 2-day meeting at the Nobel Forum, Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm.
            Article 0 comments Cited 146 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian urban population: Tehran lipid and glucose study (phase 1).

              M Madjid, P Heydarian, Maziar Rahmani … (2001)
              Coronary artery disease is becoming more prevalent in developing countries, particularly in urban areas. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among Tehran urban population. The prevalence and distribution of high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, dyslipoproteinemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity was determined in 15,005 subjects, aged three years and over, selected by cluster random sampling in Tehran urban district-13 between February 1999 to August 2001. Total energy intake, percent of energy derived from protein, carbohydrate, and fat were assessed in a subsidiary of 1,474 persons by means of two 24-hour dietary recalls. In adults, 78% of men and 80% of women presented at least one CVD risk factor. The percentage of adult women with two or more risk factors was significantly greater than the one for men. Prevalence of DM, hypertension, obesity, high TC, low HDL, high TGs, and smoking was 9.8, 20.4, 14.4, 19.3, 32, 5.3, and 22.3%, respectively. In children and adolescents, two or more CVD risk factors were found in 9% of boys and 7% of girls. Prevalence of hypertension, obesity, high TC, low HDL, and high TGs, was 12.7, 5.2, 5.1, 10.2, and 5%, respectively. The mean percentage values of energy intake derived from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 57.8 +/- 6.9, 11.1 +/- 1.8, and 30.9 +/- 7.2, respectively. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among Tehran urban population is high; particularly of high total cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol levels, and high waist to hip ratio. An effective strategy for life style modification is a cornerstone of a population approach to the cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, these results will serve as a baseline for assessment of future trends in the risk factors studied.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran. J. Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPH
                Journal ID (pmc): IJPH
                Title: Iranian Journal of Public Health
                Publisher: Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                ISSN (Print): 2251-6085
                ISSN (Electronic): 2251-6093
                Publication date (Print): January 2019
                Volume: 48
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 162-170
                Affiliations
                [1. ]Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [2. ]Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [3. ]Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [4. ]Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [5. ]Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding Author: Email: mirmiran@ 123456endocrine.ac.ir
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijph-48-162
                PMC ID: 6401587
                SO-VID: d7285a2e-436a-4d52-9523-69964720f11d
                Copyright © Copyright© Iranian Public Health Association & Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 22 August 2017
                Date accepted : 18 December 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: nitrate,nitrite,diet,food frequency questionnaire
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: nitrate, nitrite, diet, food frequency questionnaire

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