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      Aquasomal drug delivery system: a special emphasis on the formulation techniques and applications Translated title: Sistema de administración de fármacos Aquasomal: especial énfasis en las técnicas de formulación y aplicaciones

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Aquasome is a self-assembled nanoparticulate carrier system with three layers. The system is made up of a polyhydroxy oligomer-coated inner nanocrystalline solid core. Adsorbed on the coated layer are drug molecules or biochemically active compounds. Self-assembly in this sense refers to the independent formation of molecules into organised, long-lasting, and non-covalently bonded patterns.This paper gives an overview of aquasome formation, covering structural properties, formulation methodologies, and the benefits and drawbacks of this novel drug delivery technology. The article primarily addresses the formulation processes used to create self-assembled nanostructures and their various possible applications. Method: Several online databases, including Science Direct, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus, were used in the literature search. The datasets were searched for entries of studies up to July, 2023. The review paper especially addresses many elements of aquasome formation by various researchers employing methods/modified techniques such as co-precipitation, self-precipitation, sputtering, and and so forth. It also illustrates a variety of fields of therapy in which aquasome has been recognised to have a major influence, such as oxygen and extract carrier. Results: The solid core is responsible for providing structural stability, while the oligomeric coating is crucial for safeguarding against dehydration and stabilising the bioactive molecules. This biodegradable drug delivery vehicle at the nanoscale level exhibits a tendency to accumulate in the liver and muscles. The non-modification of drug adsorption onto the aquasome surface facilitates prompt pharmacological response by allowing unobstructed receptor recognition at the action site. Conclusions: Aquasome, a three-layered self-assembled molecule, is a simple yet new drug delivery system with promising carrier potentials to increase the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Despite a host of challenges, such as time consumption, sophisticated processes, safety, and expensive research costs, aquasome may emerge as an alternative vesicular carrier in the future.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: Aquasome es un sistema portador de nanopartículas autoensamblado con tres capas. El sistema se compone de un núcleo sólido nanocristalino interno recubierto de oligómero polihidroxilado. Adsorbidas en la capa recubierta se encuentran moléculas de fármacos o compuestos bioquímicamente activos. El autoensamblaje en este sentido se refiere a la formación independiente de moléculas en patrones organizados, de larga duración y con enlaces no covalentes. nueva tecnología de administración de fármacos. El artículo aborda principalmente los procesos de formulación utilizados para crear nanoestructuras autoensambladas y sus diversas aplicaciones posibles. Método: En la búsqueda bibliográfica se utilizaron varias bases de datos en línea, incluidas Science Direct, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar y Scopus. Se realizaron búsquedas en los conjuntos de datos en busca de entradas de estudios hasta julio de 2023. El documento de revisión aborda especialmente muchos elementos de la formación de aquasomas por parte de varios investigadores que emplean métodos/técnicas modificadas como la coprecipitación, la autoprecipitación, la pulverización catódica, etc. También ilustra una variedad de campos de terapia en los que se ha reconocido que el aquasoma tiene una gran influencia, como el oxígeno y el transporte de extractos. Resultados: El núcleo sólido es responsable de brindar estabilidad estructural, mientras que el recubrimiento oligomérico es crucial para proteger contra la deshidratación y estabilizar las moléculas bioactivas. Este vehículo de administración de fármacos biodegradable a escala nanométrica muestra una tendencia a acumularse en el hígado y los músculos. La no modificación de la adsorción del fármaco en la superficie del aquasoma facilita una respuesta farmacológica rápida al permitir el reconocimiento sin obstrucciones del receptor en el sitio de acción. Conclusiones: Aquasome, una molécula autoensamblada de tres capas, es un sistema de administración de fármacos simple pero nuevo con un prometedor potencial de transporte para aumentar la solubilidad y la biodisponibilidad de fármacos poco solubles. A pesar de una serie de desafíos, como el consumo de tiempo, los procesos sofisticados, la seguridad y los altos costos de investigación, el aquasome puede surgir como un vehículo vesicular alternativo en el futuro.

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          Challenges and Recent Progress in Oral Drug Delivery Systems for Biopharmaceuticals

          Routes of drug administration and the corresponding physicochemical characteristics of a given route play significant roles in therapeutic efficacy and short term/long term biological effects. Each delivery method has favorable aspects and limitations, each requiring a specific delivery vehicles design. Among various routes, oral delivery has been recognized as the most attractive method, mainly due to its potential for solid formulations with long shelf life, sustained delivery, ease of administration and intensified immune response. At the same time, a few challenges exist in oral delivery, which have been the main research focus in the field in the past few years. The present work concisely reviews different administration routes as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method, highlighting why oral delivery is currently the most promising approach. Subsequently, the present work discusses the main obstacles for oral systems and explains the most recent solutions proposed to deal with each issue.
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            Why is trehalose an exceptional protein stabilizer? An analysis of the thermal stability of proteins in the presence of the compatible osmolyte trehalose.

            Trehalose, a naturally occurring osmolyte, is known to be an exceptional stabilizer of proteins and helps retain the activity of enzymes in solution as well as in the freeze-dried state. To understand the mechanism of action of trehalose in detail, we have conducted a thorough investigation of its effect on the thermal stability in aqueous solutions of five well characterized proteins differing in their various physico-chemical properties. Among them, RNase A has been used as a model enzyme to investigate the effect of trehalose on the retention of enzymatic activity upon incubation at high temperatures. 2 m trehalose was observed to raise the transition temperature, Tm of RNase A by as much as 18 degrees C and Gibbs free energy by 4.8 kcal mol-1 at pH 2.5. There is a decrease in the heat capacity of protein denaturation (DeltaCp) in trehalose solutions for all the studied proteins. An increase in the DeltaG and a decrease in the DeltaCp values for all the proteins points toward a general mechanism of stabilization due to the elevation and broadening of the stability curve (DeltaG versus T). A direct correlation of the surface tension of trehalose solutions and the thermal stability of various proteins has been observed. Wyman linkage analysis indicates that at 1.5 m concentration 4-7 molecules of trehalose are excluded from the vicinity of protein molecules upon denaturation. We further show that an increase in the stability of proteins in the presence of trehalose depends upon the length of the polypeptide chain. The pH dependence data suggest that even though the charge status of a protein contributes significantly, trehalose can be expected to work as a universal stabilizer of protein conformation due to its exceptional effect on the structure and properties of solvent water compared with other sugars and polyols.
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              Inorganic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: A Transition from Lab to Clinic

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ars
                Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet)
                Ars Pharm
                Universidad de Granada (Granada, Granada, Spain )
                2340-9894
                December 2023
                : 64
                : 4
                : 359-375
                Affiliations
                [1] Dibrugarh Assam orgnameDibrugarh University orgdiv1Faculty of Science and Engineering orgdiv2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences India
                [2] Meghalaya orgnameUniversity of Science and Technology orgdiv1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences India
                Article
                S2340-98942023000400005 S2340-9894(23)06400400005
                10.30827/ars.v64i4.28264
                d76aadcb-df20-45b5-9a8e-c9bf60a51421

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 May 2023
                : 25 August 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Review Articles

                nanotechnology,calcium phosphate,ceramic nanoparticles,self-assembly,Aquasomes,Fosfato calcico,nanopartículas cerámicas,autoensamblaje,nanotecnología,Aquasomas

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