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      Prevalencia y tipos de interacciones farmacológicas en pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados en la Ciudad de México Translated title: Prevalence and types of drug interactions in hospitalized pediatric patients in Mexico City

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: Las interacciones fármaco-fármaco pueden modificar el efecto terapéutico o la seguridad de los medicamentos usados en poblaciones pediátricas. Aunque el interés sobre interacciones potenciales en estos grupos etarios viene incrementando, aún es escasa la información sobre interacciones fármaco-fármaco que se manifiestan clínicamente en el paciente (reales). El propósito de este estudio fue explorar la prevalencia y características de las interacciones fármaco-fármaco potenciales y reales en pacientes ingresados en dos hospitales pediátricos de la Ciudad de México. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en expedientes de pacientes atendidos en servicios críticos, oncológicos, de quemados y otros no críticos por un médico residente de pediatría en ambos hospitales. Se usó Micromedex® como fuente de datos de interacciones potenciales, luego se estimó su prevalencia por paciente, gravedad y nivel de evidencia. Adicionalmente, se determinó la causalidad de las interacciones fármaco-fármaco con diversos desenlaces clínicos de los pacientes hospitalizados mediante la Drug Interaction Probability Scale, y finalmente se clasificaron por gravedad. Resultados: La prevalencia observada de pacientes hospitalizados con una o más interacciones fármaco-fármaco potenciales fue del 61,3% (52,5-70,4%), mientras que la prevalencia de interacciones fármaco-fármaco reales fue del 3,6% (0,1-7,1%). Entre las interacciones potenciales, el 60,5% se consideraron importantes y sólo el 5,1% contraindicadas. En general, las interacciones fármaco-fármaco potenciales fueron más comunes en los servicios de cuidados intensivos y de quemados. Los principales grupos farmacológicos involucrados en interacciones potenciales fueron agentes analgésicos opioides, antibióticos y neurológicos. Cuatro interacciones reales requirieron modificación de la farmacoterapia y una prolongó la estancia hospitalaria. Conclusiones: Las interacciones potenciales fueron comunes en los pacientes pediátricos estudiados, mientras que la frecuencia de interacciones reales fue baja; sin embargo, sus consecuencias requirieron acciones médicas adicionales a la monitorización habitual. Se requiere más información sobre las interacciones reales, aquellas referidas a faltas de eficacia podrían estar subestimadas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective: Drug-drug interactions may modify the therapeutic effect or the safety profile of the medicines used in pediatric populations. Although interest on potential drug interactions in these age groups has increased, information on clinically relevant drug-drug interactions is still scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and characteristics of potential and clinically relevant drug-drug interactions among pediatric patients hospitalized in two pediatric hospitals of Mexico City. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on patient records in critical, oncological, burns and other non-critical services by a pediatric resident physician at both hospitals. Micromedex® was used as a source of potential drug-drug interactions data. Subsequently, each interaction’s prevalence, severity and evidence level were estimated. Additionally, drug-drug interaction causality with regard to diverse clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients was determined through the Drug Interaction Probability Scale. The clinical consequences of each interaction were classified by severity. Results: The observed prevalence of one or more potential drug-drug interactions in hospitalized patients was 61.3% (52.2-70.4%), whilst the prevalence of real drug-drug interactions was 3.6% (0.1-7.1%). Of potential drug-drug interactions, 60.5% were considered major and only 5.1% contraindicated. These were generally more common in intensive care and burn units. The main pharmacological agents involved in potential drug-drug interactions were opioids analgesics and anti-infective and neurologic agents. Four clinically relevant drug-drug interactions required a regimen change and another prompted an extension of the patient’s hospital stay. Conclusions: Potential drug-drug interactions were common in the pediatric patients studied, whereas the frequency of real drug-drug interactions was low. However, some drug-drug interactions required medical actions in addition to routine monitoring. More information is needed on real drug-drug interactions as those related to failed efficacy might be underestimated.

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          Most cited references30

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          Proposal for a new tool to evaluate drug interaction cases.

          The assessment of causation for a potential drug interaction requires thoughtful consideration of the properties of both the object and precipitant drugs, patient-specific factors, and the possible contribution of other drugs that the patient may be taking. The Naranjo nomogram was designed to evaluate single-drug adverse events, not drug-drug interactions. Several of the questions on the Naranjo nomogram do not apply to potential drug-drug interactions, while others do not specify object or precipitant drug. Nevertheless, it has been inappropriately used to evaluate drug-drug interactions. The Drug Interaction Probability Scale (DIPS) was developed to provide a guide to evaluating drug interaction causation in a specific patient. It is intended to be used to assist practitioners in the assessment of drug interaction-induced adverse outcomes. The DIPS uses a series of questions relating to the potential drug interaction to estimate a probability score. An accurate assessment using the DIPS requires knowledge of the pharmacologic properties of both the object and precipitant drugs. Inadequate knowledge of either the drugs involved or the basic mechanisms of interaction will be a limitation for some users. The DIPS can also serve as a guide in the preparation of articles describing case reports of drug interactions, as well as in the evaluation of published case reports.
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            A comparison of five common drug–drug interaction software programs regarding accuracy and comprehensiveness

            Objective: Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) can cause failure in treatment and adverse events. DDIs screening software is an important tool to aid clinicians in the detection and management of DDIs. However, clinicians should be aware of the advantages and limitations of these programs. We compared the ability of five common DDI programs to detect clinically important DDIs. Methods: Lexi-Interact, Micromedex Drug Interactions, iFacts, Medscape, and Epocrates were evaluated. The programs' sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were determined to assess their accuracy in detecting DDIs. The accuracy of each program was identified using 360 unknown pair interactions, taken randomly from prescriptions, and forty pairs of clinically important ones. The major reference was a clinical pharmacist alongside the Stockley's Drug Interaction and databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Comprehensiveness of each program was determined by the number of components in the drug interaction monograph. The aggregate score for accuracy and comprehensiveness was calculated. Findings: Scoring 250 out of possible 400 points, Lexi-Interact and Epocrates, provided the most accurate software programs. Micromedex, Medscape, and iFacts ranked third, fourth, and fifth, scoring 236, 202, and 191, respectively. In comprehensiveness test, iFacts showed the highest score, 134 out of possible 134 points, whereas Lexi-Interact rated second, with a score of 120. Scoring 370 and 330 out of possible 534 points, Lexi-Interact and Micromedex, respectively, provided the most competent, complete, and user-friendly applications. Conclusion: Lexi-Interact and Micromedex showed the best performances. An increase in sensitivity is possible by the combination of more than one programs and expert pharmacist intervention.
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              Epidemiology and characteristics of adverse drug reactions caused by drug-drug interactions.

              Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) arise in numerous different ways, involving pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Adverse drug reactions are a possible consequence of DDIs and health operators are often unaware of the clinical risks of certain drug combinations. Many papers on drug interactions have been published in recent years, but most of them focused on potential DDIs while few studies have been conducted on actual interactions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                fh
                Farmacia Hospitalaria
                Farm Hosp.
                Grupo Aula Médica (Toledo, Toledo, Spain )
                1130-6343
                2171-8695
                October 2021
                : 45
                : 5
                : 234-239
                Affiliations
                [2] Ciudad de México orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social orgdiv1Hospital General de Zona 1 A “Dr. Rodolfo Antonio de Mucha Macías” Mexico
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameHospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez orgdiv1Unidad Habilitada de Apoyo al Predictamen México
                Article
                S1130-63432021000500005 S1130-6343(21)04500500005
                10.7399/fh.11633
                d76fed48-86cc-448b-9b2a-14d8eb9999b6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 January 2021
                : 28 April 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Seguridad del paciente,Drug interactions,Patient safety,Clinical relevance,Pediatrics,Adverse drug reaction,Pediatric hospitals,Interacciones farmacológicas,Relevancia clínica,Pediatría,Reacción adversa a medicamentos,Hospitales pediátricos

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