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      The Relationship between Renal Function and Bone Marrow Density in Healthy Korean Women

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          The relationship between renal function and bone mineral density (BMD) is controversial. We evaluated the relationship between markers of renal function and BMD in healthy Korean women.

          Methods

          A total of 1,093 women who visited the health promotion center at Pusan National University hospital were included in the cross-sectional study. We divided the study population into two groups by BMD: osteopenia-osteoporosis and normal in the lumbar and femur regions, respectively. We compared the relationship between renal function and BMD using a logistic regression model and used SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) for all statistical analysis.

          Results

          Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and cystatin C (Cys-C) were correlated with BMD in both the normal and osteopenia-osteoporosis groups, and in logistic regression analysis, BUN and Cys-C were correlated with lumbar and femur BMD. However, after we adjusted for age, menopause, and body mass index, only creatinine showed a negative correlation with lumbar BMD, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was related positively with femur BMD.

          Conclusions

          Serum creatinine could be a marker for lumbar BMD and eGFR for femur BMD in Korean women without overt nephropathy.

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          Most cited references24

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          Influence of muscle mass and physical activity on serum and urinary creatinine and serum cystatin C.

          For addressing the influence of muscle mass on serum and urinary creatinine and serum cystatin C, body composition was assessed by skinfold thickness measurement and bioelectrical impedance analyses. A total of 170 healthy individuals (92 women, 78 men) were classified as sedentary or with mild or moderate/intense physical activity. Blood, 24-h urine samples, and 24-h food recall were obtained from all individuals. Serum and urinary creatinine correlated significantly with body weight, but the level of correlation with lean mass was even greater. There was no significant correlation between body weight and lean mass with cystatin C. Individuals with moderate/intense physical activity presented significantly lower mean body mass index (23.1 +/- 2.5 versus 25.7 +/- 3.9 kg/m(2)) and higher lean mass (55.3 +/- 10.0 versus 48.5 +/- 10.4%), serum creatinine (1.04 +/- 0.12 versus 0.95 +/- 0.17 mg/dl), urinary creatinine (1437 +/- 471 versus 1231 +/- 430 mg/24 h), protein intake (1.4 +/- 0.6 versus 1.1 +/- 0.6 g/kg per d), and meat intake (0.7 +/- 0.3 versus 0.5 +/- 0.4 g/kg per d) than the sedentary individuals. Conversely, mean serum cystatin did not differ between these two groups. A multivariate analysis of covariance showed that lean mass was significantly related to serum and urinary creatinine but not with cystatin, even after adjustment for protein/meat intake and physical activity. Cystatin C may represent a more adequate alternative to assess renal function in individuals with higher muscle mass when mild kidney impairment is suspected.
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            UPDATE ON FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 23 IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

            Myles Wolf (2012)
            Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health epidemic that affects millions of people worldwide. Presence of CKD predisposes individuals to high risks of end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease and premature death. Disordered phosphate homeostasis with elevated circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is an early and pervasive complication of CKD. CKD is likely the most common cause of chronically elevated FGF23 levels, and the clinical condition in which levels are most markedly elevated. Although increases in FGF23 levels help maintain serum phosphate in the normal range in CKD, prospective studies in populations of pre-dialysis CKD, incident and prevalent end-stage renal disease, and kidney transplant recipients demonstrate that elevated FGF23 levels are independently associated with progression of CKD and development of cardiovascular events and mortality. It was originally thought that these observations were driven by elevated FGF23 acting as a highly sensitive biomarker of toxicity due to phosphate. However, FGF23 itself has now been shown to mediate “off-target,” direct, end-organ toxicity in the heart, which suggests that elevated FGF23 may be a novel mechanism of adverse outcomes in CKD. This report reviews recent advances in FGF23 biology relevant to CKD, the classical effects of FGF23 on mineral homeostasis, and the studies that established FGF23 excess as a biomarker and novel mechanism of cardiovascular disease. The report concludes with a critical review of the effects of different therapeutic strategies targeting FGF23 reduction and how these might be leveraged in a future randomized trial aimed at improving outcomes in CKD.
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              Serum cystatin C as a new marker for noninvasive estimation of glomerular filtration rate and as a marker for early renal impairment.

              Cystatin C is a nonglycosylated basic protein produced at a constant rate by all investigated nucleated cells. It is freely filtered by the renal glomeruli and primarily catabolized in the tubuli (not secreted or reabsorbed as an intact molecule). Because serum cystatin C concentration is independent of age, sex, and muscle mass, it has been postulated to be an improved marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) compared with serum creatinine level. We compared serum cystatin C level with other markers of GFR, such as serum creatinine level and creatinine clearance, and analyzed their variations based on iothalamate labeled with iodine 125 ((125)I-iothalamate) clearance ((125)I-ICl), used as the gold standard for GFR. The concentrations of the two different markers of GFR in patients with impaired renal function were classified according to (125)I-ICl. Twenty individuals with normal renal function ((125)I-ICl, 128 +/- 23 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) were used as the control group. Serum cystatin C level showed a greater sensitivity (93.4%) than serum creatinine level (86.8%). Also, serum cystatin C showed the greatest proportion of increased values in patients with impaired renal function (100%) compared with serum creatinine level (92.15%). Serum cystatin C levels started to increase to greater than normal values when GFR was 88 mL/min/1.73 m(2), whereas serum creatinine level began to increase when GFR was 75 mL/min/1.73 m(2). These data suggest that measurement of serum cystatin C may be useful to estimate GFR, especially to detect mild reductions in GFR, and therefore may be important in the detection of early renal insufficiency in a variety of renal diseases for which early treatment is critical.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Menopausal Med
                J Menopausal Med
                JMM
                Journal of Menopausal Medicine
                The Korean Society of Menopause
                2288-6478
                2288-6761
                August 2017
                31 August 2017
                : 23
                : 2
                : 96-101
                Affiliations
                Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
                Author notes
                Address for Correspondence: Jong Kil Joo, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 179 Gudeko-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea. Tel: +82-51-240-7287, Fax: +82-51-248-2384, jongkilj@ 123456hanmail.net
                Article
                10.6118/jmm.2017.23.2.96
                5606916
                d7b411c5-f1d4-407d-a298-2baf65ed8bb7
                Copyright © 2017 by The Korean Society of Menopause

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

                History
                : 06 February 2017
                : 15 March 2017
                : 27 March 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: Pusan National University, CrossRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002543;
                Categories
                Original Article

                bone density,creatinine,cystatin c,osteoporosis
                bone density, creatinine, cystatin c, osteoporosis

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