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      Metal fumes: exposure to heavy metals, their relationship with oxidative stress and their effect on health Translated title: Fumos metálicos exposicao a metais pesados sua relacao com o estresse oxidativo e seu efeito na saude. Translated title: Humos metálicos: exposición a metales pesados, su relación con el estrés oxidativo y su efecto sobre la salud.

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          Abstract

          Abstract Metalworking industry, especially welding processes, is one of the most economically active in the world. Transformation and joining of metal parts are used in many labor activities, such as construction. Welding uses different metal mixtures to carry out bonding through various processes. The greatest chemical risk associated with welding is the emission of metallic fumes, which enter the body mainly through the respiratory system, producing effects in all systems of the human body. Therefore, studies are needed to support the control of exposures to these chemicals in the workplace, as well as the limitation of emissions to the environment, by governments, employers, and workers. Research, innovation, development and use of chemicals advance very fast, especially in welding where new mixtures or metal alloys are used every day. However, knowledge of the effects of these chemicals does not advance at the same speed. This review intends to make a compilation of investigations on the last 20 years about exposition of heavy metals by inhalation of metallic fumes, emphasizing a description of the most used metals in welding, and its relationship with oxidative stress and health effects.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo A indústria metalúrgica, especialmente os processos de soldagem, é uma das mais ativas economicamente no mundo. A transformação e a junção de peças metálicas são utilizadas em muitas atividades laborais, por exemplo, na construção. A soldagem utiliza diferentes ligas metálicas para fazer a junção através de muitos processos. O maior risco químico associado com à soldagem é a emissão de fumos metálicos, que entram ao corpo principalmente através do sistema respiratório, produzindo efeitos em todos os sistemas do corpo humano. Por conseguinte, são requeridos estudos para apoiar o controle das exposições a esses produtos químicos no lugar do trabalho, bem como a limitação das emissões ao médio ambiente, por parte dos governos, os empregadores e os trabalhadores. Na verdade, a pesquisa, a inovação, o desenvolvimento e o uso de produtos químicos é muito rápido, especialmente na soldagem onde precisam novas misturas ou ligas metálicas tudo tempo. No entanto, o conhecimento dos efeitos destes produtos químicos não está na mesma velocidade. Esta revisão pretende fazer uma compilação das pesquisas sobre os últimos 20 anos sobre a exposição de metais pesados por inalação de fumos metálicos, enfatizando numa descrição dos metais mais utilizados na soldagem, sua relação com o estresse oxidativo e efeitos na saúde.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen La industria metalúrgica, especialmente los procesos de soldadura, es una de las más activas económicamente en el mundo. La transformación y la unión de piezas metálicas se utilizan en muchas actividades laborales, por ejemplo, la construcción. La soldadura utiliza diferentes mezclas metálicas para realizar la unión a través de diversos procesos. El mayor riesgo químico asociado con la soldadura es la emisión de humos metálicos, que entran al cuerpo principalmente a través del sistema respiratorio, produciendo efectos en todos los sistemas del cuerpo humano. Por lo tanto, se necesitan estudios para apoyar el control de las exposiciones a estos productos químicos en el lugar de trabajo, así como la limitación de las emisiones al medio ambiente, por parte de los gobiernos, los empleadores y los trabajadores. En realidad, la investigación, la innovación, el desarrollo y el uso de productos químicos es muy rápido, especialmente en la soldadura donde se utilizan nuevas mezclas o aleaciones metálicas todos los días. Sin embargo, el conocimiento de los efectos de estos productos químicos no está en la misma velocidad. Esta revisión pretende hacer una recopilación de investigaciones sobre los últimos 20 años sobre la exposición de metales pesados por inhalación de humos metálicos, haciendo hincapié en una descripción de los metales más utilizados en la soldadura, su relación con el estrés oxidativo y efectos en la salud.

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          Hazards of heavy metal contamination.

          The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO. Heavy metals have been used by humans for thousands of years. Although several adverse health effects of heavy metals have been known for a long time, exposure to heavy metals continues, and is even increasing in some parts of the world, in particular in less developed countries, though emissions have declined in most developed countries over the last 100 years. Cadmium compounds are currently mainly used in re-chargeable nickel-cadmium batteries. Cadmium emissions have increased dramatically during the 20th century, one reason being that cadmium-containing products are rarely re-cycled, but often dumped together with household waste. Cigarette smoking is a major source of cadmium exposure. In non-smokers, food is the most important source of cadmium exposure. Recent data indicate that adverse health effects of cadmium exposure may occur at lower exposure levels than previously anticipated, primarily in the form of kidney damage but possibly also bone effects and fractures. Many individuals in Europe already exceed these exposure levels and the margin is very narrow for large groups. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce cadmium exposure in the general population in order to minimize the risk of adverse health effects. The general population is primarily exposed to mercury via food, fish being a major source of methyl mercury exposure, and dental amalgam. The general population does not face a significant health risk from methyl mercury, although certain groups with high fish consumption may attain blood levels associated with a low risk of neurological damage to adults. Since there is a risk to the fetus in particular, pregnant women should avoid a high intake of certain fish, such as shark, swordfish and tuna; fish (such as pike, walleye and bass) taken from polluted fresh waters should especially be avoided. There has been a debate on the safety of dental amalgams and claims have been made that mercury from amalgam may cause a variety of diseases. However, there are no studies so far that have been able to show any associations between amalgam fillings and ill health. The general population is exposed to lead from air and food in roughly equal proportions. During the last century, lead emissions to ambient air have caused considerable pollution, mainly due to lead emissions from petrol. Children are particularly susceptible to lead exposure due to high gastrointestinal uptake and the permeable blood-brain barrier. Blood levels in children should be reduced below the levels so far considered acceptable, recent data indicating that there may be neurotoxic effects of lead at lower levels of exposure than previously anticipated. Although lead in petrol has dramatically decreased over the last decades, thereby reducing environmental exposure, phasing out any remaining uses of lead additives in motor fuels should be encouraged. The use of lead-based paints should be abandoned, and lead should not be used in food containers. In particular, the public should be aware of glazed food containers, which may leach lead into food. Exposure to arsenic is mainly via intake of food and drinking water, food being the most important source in most populations. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking-water is mainly related to increased risks of skin cancer, but also some other cancers, as well as other skin lesions such as hyperkeratosis and pigmentation changes. Occupational exposure to arsenic, primarily by inhalation, is causally associated with lung cancer. Clear exposure-response relationships and high risks have been observed.
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            Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates

            Lead poisoning has been recognized as a major public health risk, particularly in developing countries. Though various occupational and public health measures have been undertaken in order to control lead exposure, cases of lead poisoning are still reported. Exposure to lead produces various deleterious effects on the hematopoietic, renal, reproductive and central nervous system, mainly through increased oxidative stress. These alterations play a prominent role in disease manifestations. Modulation of cellular thiols for protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been used as a therapeutic strategy against lead poisoning. N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, vitamin E, quercetin and a few herbal extracts show prophylaxis against the majority of lead mediated injury in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review provides a comprehensive account of recent updates describing health effects of lead exposure, relevant biomarkers and mechanisms involved in lead toxicity. It also updates the readers about recent advances in chelation therapy and newer therapeutic strategies, like nanoencapsulation, to treat lead induced toxic manifestations.
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              HEAVY METAL-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ALGAE1

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pml
                Producción + Limpia
                Rev. P+L
                Corporación Universitaria Lasallista (Caldas, Antioquia, Colombia )
                1909-0455
                December 2019
                : 14
                : 2
                : 8-20
                Affiliations
                [6] Cartagena Bolívar orgnameFundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco orgdiv1Grupo de Investigación CIPTEC Colombia
                [5] Cartagena de Indias Bolívar orgnameUniversidad de Cartagena orgdiv1Facultad de Ingeniería, programa de Ingeniería de Alimentos orgdiv2Grupo de investigación Ingeniería, Innovación, Calidad Alimentaria y Salud (INCAS) Colombia
                [3] Cartagena Bolívar orgnameCorporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2programa de Tecnología en Estética y Cosmetología. GITEC Colombia
                [2] Cartagena Bolívar orgnameFundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco orgdiv1Grupo de Investigación CIPTEC Colombia
                [4] Cartagena Cartagena, Bolívar orgnameFundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco orgdiv1Grupo de Investigación CIPTEC Colombia
                Article
                S1909-04552019000200008 S1909-0455(19)01400200008
                10.22507/pml.v14n2a1
                d7b7f728-1bbf-4a2e-b923-d31b8628ff80

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 May 2019
                : 10 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 65, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Original article

                Welding,humos metálicos,Heavy metals,fumos metálicos,metais pesados,metales pesados,soldadura,estrés oxidativo,estresse oxidativo,Oxidative stress,Metallic Fumes,soldagem

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