Post-Stroke Inhibition of Induced NADPH Oxidase Type 4 Prevents Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration

Abstract

The identification of NOX4 as a major source of oxidative stress in stroke and demonstration of dramatic protection after stroke in mice by NOX4 deletion or NOX inhibition, opens up new avenues for treatment.

Abstract

Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Only one moderately effective therapy exists, albeit with contraindications that exclude 90% of the patients. This medical need contrasts with a high failure rate of more than 1,000 pre-clinical drug candidates for stroke therapies. Thus, there is a need for translatable mechanisms of neuroprotection and more rigid thresholds of relevance in pre-clinical stroke models. One such candidate mechanism is oxidative stress. However, antioxidant approaches have failed in clinical trials, and the significant sources of oxidative stress in stroke are unknown. We here identify NADPH oxidase type 4 (NOX4) as a major source of oxidative stress and an effective therapeutic target in acute stroke. Upon ischemia, NOX4 was induced in human and mouse brain. Mice deficient in NOX4 ( Nox4 ^−/−) of either sex, but not those deficient for NOX1 or NOX2, were largely protected from oxidative stress, blood-brain-barrier leakage, and neuronal apoptosis, after both transient and permanent cerebral ischemia. This effect was independent of age, as elderly mice were equally protected. Restoration of oxidative stress reversed the stroke-protective phenotype in Nox4 ^−/− mice. Application of the only validated low-molecular-weight pharmacological NADPH oxidase inhibitor, VAS2870, several hours after ischemia was as protective as deleting NOX4. The extent of neuroprotection was exceptional, resulting in significantly improved long-term neurological functions and reduced mortality. NOX4 therefore represents a major source of oxidative stress and novel class of drug target for stroke therapy.

Author Summary

Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Today, only one approved therapy exists—a drug that breaks down blood clots—the effectiveness of which is moderate, and it can only be used in about 10% of patients because of contraindications. New therapeutic strategies that are translatable to humans and more rigid thresholds of relevance in pre-clinical stroke models are needed. One candidate mechanism is oxidative stress, which is the damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant approaches that specifically target ROS have thus far failed in clinical trials. For a more effective approach, we focus here on targeting ROS at its source by investigating an enzyme involved in generating ROS, known as NADPH oxidase type 4, or NOX4. We found that NOX4 causes oxidative stress and death of nerve cells after a stroke. Deletion of the NOX4-coding gene in mice, as well as inhibiting the ROS-generating activity of NOX with a pharmacological inhibitor, reduces brain damage and improves neurological function, even when given hours after a stroke. Importantly, neuroprotection was preserved in old male and female Nox4 ^−/− mice as well as in Nox4 ^−/− mice subjected to permanent ischemia. NOX4 thus represents a most promising new therapeutic target for reducing oxidative stress in general, and in brain injury due to stroke in particular.