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      Comentario del CEIPV a las nuevas guías europeas de prevención cardiovascular 2021 Translated title: Statement of the Spanish Interdisciplinary Vascular Prevention Committee on the Updated European Guidelines in regard to cardiovascular disease prevention

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      Revista Clínica de Medicina de Familia
      Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria
      prevención y control, enfermedades vasculares, guías de práctica clínica, dieta saludable, hipertensión arterial, diabetes, control de lípidos, tabaco, riesgo cardiovascular, arterial hypertension, cardiovascular risk, clinical practice guidelines, diabetes, healthy diet, lipid control, prevention and control, smoking, vascular diseases

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Se presenta la adaptación española de las Guías Europeas de Prevención Cardiovascular 2021. En esta actualización, además del abordaje individual, se pone mucho más énfasis en las políticas sanitarias como estrategia de prevención poblacional. Se recomienda el cálculo del riesgo vascular de manera sistemática a todas las personas adultas con algún factor de riesgo vascular. Los objetivos terapéuticos para el colesterol LDL, la presión arterial y la glucemia no han cambiado respecto a las anteriores guías, pero se recomienda alcanzar estos objetivos de forma escalonada (etapas 1 y 2). Se recomienda llegar siempre hasta la etapa 2, y la intensificación del tratamiento dependerá del riesgo a los 10 años y de por vida, del beneficio del tratamiento, de las comorbilidades, de la fragilidad y de las preferencias de los pacientes. Las guías presentan por primera vez un nuevo modelo para calcular el riesgo -SCORE2 y SCORE2-OP- de morbimortalidad vascular en los próximos 10 años (infarto de miocardio, ictus y mortalidad vascular) en hombres y mujeres entre 40 y 89 años. Otra de las novedades sustanciales es el establecimiento de diferentes umbrales de riesgo dependiendo de la edad (< 50, 50-69, ≥ 70 años). Se presentan diferentes algoritmos de cálculo del riesgo vascular y tratamiento de los factores de riesgo vascular para personas aparentemente sanas, pacientes con diabetes y aquellos con enfermedad vascular aterosclerótica. Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica se considerarán de riesgo alto o muy alto, según la tasa del filtrado glomerular y el cociente albúmina/creatinina. Se incluyen innovaciones en las recomendaciones sobre los estilos de vida, adaptadas a las recomendaciones del Ministerio de Sanidad, así como aspectos novedosos relacionados con el control de los lípidos, la presión arterial, la diabetes y la insuficiencia renal crónica.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT We report the Spanish adaptation of the 2021 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) prevention in clinical practice. In addition to the individual approach this update greatly emphasizes the importance of population level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Systematic CVD risk assessment is recommended for all adults with any major vascular risk factor. Regarding LDL-Cholesterol, blood pressure and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus, goals and targets remain as recommended in previous guidelines. However, a new, stepwise approach (Steps 1 and 2) to treatment intensification is proposed as a tool to help physicians and patients attain these targets in a way that fits the patient profile. After Step 1, considering proceeding to the intensified goals of Step 2 is mandatory, and this intensification will be based on 10-year CVD risk, lifetime CVD risk and treatment benefit, comorbidities, frailty and patient preferences. The updated SCORE algorithm-SCORE2, SCORE-OP- is recommended in these guidelines, which estimates an individual’s 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke) in healthy men and women aged 40-89 years. Another new and important recommendation is the use of different risk categories according to different age groups (< 50, 50-69, ≥ 70 years). Different flowcharts of CVD risk and risk factor treatment in apparently healthy persons, in patients with established atherosclerotic CVD and in diabetic patients are recommended. Patients with chronic kidney disease are considered high risk or very high-risk patients according to glomerular filtration rate and albumin-to-creatinine ratio. New lifestyle recommendations adapted to those published by the Spanish Ministry of Health as well as recommendations focused on the management of lipids, blood pressure, diabetes and chronic renal failure are included.

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          Most cited references26

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          Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review.

          Suboptimal nutrition is a leading cause of poor health. Nutrition and policy science have advanced rapidly, creating confusion yet also providing powerful opportunities to reduce the adverse health and economic impacts of poor diets. This review considers the history, new evidence, controversies, and corresponding lessons for modern dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Major identified themes include the importance of evaluating the full diversity of diet-related risk pathways, not only blood lipids or obesity; focusing on foods and overall diet patterns, rather than single isolated nutrients; recognizing the complex influences of different foods on long-term weight regulation, rather than simply counting calories; and characterizing and implementing evidence-based strategies, including policy approaches, for lifestyle change. Evidence-informed dietary priorities include increased fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, vegetable oils, yogurt, and minimally processed whole grains; and fewer red meats, processed (eg, sodium-preserved) meats, and foods rich in refined grains, starch, added sugars, salt, and trans fat. More investigation is needed on the cardiometabolic effects of phenolics, dairy fat, probiotics, fermentation, coffee, tea, cocoa, eggs, specific vegetable and tropical oils, vitamin D, individual fatty acids, and diet-microbiome interactions. Little evidence to date supports the cardiometabolic relevance of other popular priorities: eg, local, organic, grass-fed, farmed/wild, or non-genetically modified. Evidence-based personalized nutrition appears to depend more on nongenetic characteristics (eg, physical activity, abdominal adiposity, gender, socioeconomic status, culture) than genetic factors. Food choices must be strongly supported by clinical behavior change efforts, health systems reforms, novel technologies, and robust policy strategies targeting economic incentives, schools and workplaces, neighborhood environments, and the food system. Scientific advances provide crucial new insights on optimal targets and best practices to reduce the burdens of diet-related cardiometabolic diseases.
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            Sick individuals and sick populations.

            Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.
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              Primary stroke prevention worldwide: translating evidence into action

              Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide and its burden is increasing rapidly in low-income and middle-income countries, many of which are unable to face the challenges it imposes. In this Health Policy paper on primary stroke prevention, we provide an overview of the current situation regarding primary prevention services, estimate the cost of stroke and stroke prevention, and identify deficiencies in existing guidelines and gaps in primary prevention. We also offer a set of pragmatic solutions for implementation of primary stroke prevention, with an emphasis on the role of governments and population-wide strategies, including task-shifting and sharing and health system re-engineering. Implementation of primary stroke prevention involves patients, health professionals, funders, policy makers, implementation partners, and the entire population along the life course.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                albacete
                Revista Clínica de Medicina de Familia
                Rev Clin Med Fam
                Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (Barcelona, Cataluña, Spain )
                1699-695X
                2386-8201
                2022
                : 15
                : 2
                : 106-113
                Affiliations
                [7] Barcelona orgnameSociedad Española de Epidemiología España
                [15] Barcelona orgnameSociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria-SESPAS España
                [9] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Diabetes España
                [4] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular España
                [3] Barcelona orgnameSociedad Española de Neurología España
                [14] Madrid Madrid orgnameUniversidad Carlos III de Madrid Spain
                [10] Madrid orgnameFederación de Asociaciones de Enfermería Comunitaria y Atención Primaria-FAECAP España
                [8] Santander orgnameSociedad Española de Nefrología España
                [12] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo España
                [11] Madrid orgnameMinisterio de Sanidad España
                [1] Barcelona orgnameSociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria-semFYC España
                [6] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria-SEMERGEN España
                [16] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Hipertensión-Liga Española para la Lucha contra la Hipertensión Arterial España
                [13] Barcelona orgnameSociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis España
                [2] Madrid orgnameSociedad Española de Medicina Interna España
                [5] Madrid orgnameAsociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria España
                Article
                S1699-695X2022000200106 S1699-695X(22)01500200106
                d7c8981e-fdb7-4dea-96d2-7d6898104c3f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Spain

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                Artículo Especial

                prevención y control,enfermedades vasculares,guías de práctica clínica,dieta saludable,hipertensión arterial,diabetes,control de lípidos,tabaco,riesgo cardiovascular,arterial hypertension,cardiovascular risk,clinical practice guidelines,healthy diet,lipid control,prevention and control,smoking,vascular diseases

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