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      Effects of Nutrients, Temperature and Their Interactions on Spring Phytoplankton Community Succession in Lake Taihu, China

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          Abstract

          We examined the potential effects of environmental variables, and their interaction, on phytoplankton community succession in spring using long-term data from 1992 to 2012 in Lake Taihu, China. Laboratory experiments were additionally performed to test the sensitivity of the phytoplankton community to nutrient concentrations and temperature. A phytoplankton community structure analysis from 1992 to 2012 showed that Cryptomonas (Cryptophyta) was the dominant genus in spring during the early 1990s. Dominance then shifted to Ulothrix (Chlorophyta) in 1996 and 1997. However, Cryptomonas again dominated in 1999, 2000, and 2002, with Ulothrix regaining dominance from 2003 to 2006. The bloom-forming cyanobacterial genus Microcystis dominated in 1995, 2001 and 2007–2012. The results of ordinations indicated that the nutrient concentration (as indicated by the trophic state index) was the most important factor affecting phytoplankton community succession during the past two decades. In the laboratory experiments, shifts in dominance among phytoplankton taxa occurred in all nutrient addition treatments. Results of both long term monitoring and experiment indicated that nutrients exert a stronger control than water temperature on phytoplankton communities during spring. Interactive effect of nutrients and water temperature was the next principal factor. Overall, phytoplankton community composition was mediated by nutrients concentrations, but this effect was strongly enhanced by elevated water temperatures.

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          Climate change effects on runoff, catchment phosphorus loading and lake ecological state, and potential adaptations.

          Erik Jeppesen, Brian Kronvang, Mariana Meerhoff … (2016)
          Climate change may have profound effects on phosphorus (P) transport in streams and on lake eutrophication. Phosphorus loading from land to streams is expected to increase in northern temperate coastal regions due to higher winter rainfall and to a decline in warm temperate and arid climates. Model results suggest a 3.3 to 16.5% increase within the next 100 yr in the P loading of Danish streams depending on soil type and region. In lakes, higher eutrophication can be expected, reinforced by temperature-mediated higher P release from the sediment. Furthermore, a shift in fish community structure toward small and abundant plankti-benthivorous fish enhances predator control of zooplankton, resulting in higher phytoplankton biomass. Data from Danish lakes indicate increased chlorophyll a and phytoplankton biomass, higher dominance of dinophytes and cyanobacteria (most notably of nitrogen fixing forms), but lower abundance of diatoms and chrysophytes, reduced size of copepods and cladocerans, and a tendency to reduced zooplankton biomass and zooplankton:phytoplankton biomass ratio when lakes warm. Higher P concentrations are also seen in warm arid lakes despite reduced external loading due to increased evapotranspiration and reduced inflow. Therefore, the critical loading for good ecological state in lakes has to be lowered in a future warmer climate. This calls for adaptation measures, which in the northern temperate zone should include improved P cycling in agriculture, reduced loading from point sources, and (re)-establishment of wetlands and riparian buffer zones. In the arid Southern Europe, restrictions on human use of water are also needed, not least on irrigation.
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            A drinking water crisis in Lake Taihu, China: linkage to climatic variability and lake management.

            Richard Carmichael, Guangwei Zhu, Wei Li … (2009)
            In late May, 2007, a drinking water crisis took place in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China, following a massive bloom of the toxin producing cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. in Lake Taihu, China's third largest freshwater lake. Taihu was the city's sole water supply, leaving approximately two million people without drinking water for at least a week. This cyanobacterial bloom event began two months earlier than previously documented for Microcystis blooms in Taihu. This was attributed to an unusually warm spring. The prevailing wind direction during this period caused the bloom to accumulate at the shoreline near the intake of the water plant. Water was diverted from the nearby Yangtze River in an effort to flush the lake of the bloom. However, this management action was counterproductive, because it produced a current which transported the bloom into the intake, exacerbating the drinking water contamination problem. The severity of this microcystin toxin containing bloom and the ensuing drinking water crisis were attributable to excessive nutrient enrichment; however, a multi-annual warming trend extended the bloom period and amplified its severity, and this was made worse by unanticipated negative impacts of water management. Long-term management must therefore consider both the human and climatic factors controlling these blooms and their impacts on water supply in this and other large lakes threatened by accelerating eutrophication.
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              Two-decade reconstruction of algal blooms in China's Lake Taihu.

              Hongtao Duan, Ronghua Ma, Xiaofeng Xu … (2009)
              The algal blooming in the inland lakes has become a critically important issue for its impacts not only on local natural and social environments, but also on global human community. However, the occurrences of blooming on larger spatial scale and longer time scale have rarely been studied. As the third largest freshwater lake in China, Lake Taihu has drawn increasing attention from both public and scientific communities concerning its degradation. Using available satellite images, we reconstructed the spatial and temporal patterns of algal blooms in Lake Taihu through the pasttwo decades. The blooming characteristics over the past two decades were examined with the dynamic of initial blooming date being highlighted. The initial blooming dates were gradually becoming later and later from 1987 to 1997. Since 1998, however, the initial blooming date came earlier and earlier year by year, with approximately 11.42 days advancement per year. From 1987 to 2007, the annual duration of algal blooms lengthened year by year, in line with the substantial increases in the occurrences of algal blooms in spring and summer months. The algal blooms usually occur in northern bays and spread to center and south parts of Lake Taihu. The increases in previous winter's mean daily minimum temperature partially contributed to the earlier blooming onset. However, human activities, expressed as total gross domestic product (GDP) and population, outweighed the climatic contribution on the initial blooming date and blooming duration. This study may provide insights for the policy makers who try to curb the algal blooming and improve the water quality of inland freshwater lakes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Arga Chandrashekar Anil: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 December 2014
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e113960
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
                [2 ]University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
                [3 ]Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, 28557, United States of America
                CSIR- National institute of oceanography, India
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: BQQ. Performed the experiments: JMD PW JRM. Analyzed the data: BQQ JMD. Wrote the paper: JMD. Editorial and intellectual content: HWP YLZ. Provided the long term phytoplankton monitoring data for Lake Taihu: YWC.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-14-20022
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113960
                PMC ID: 4252073
                PubMed ID: 25464517
                SO-VID: d7f533e1-ac13-4dc3-ab05-6b1b6f65d23f
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2014
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 8 May 2014
                Date accepted : 2 November 2014
                Page count
                Pages: 19
                Funding
                Research by BQQ, JMD, PW and JRM was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41230744). Both BQQ and JMD were supported by the External Cooperation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. GJHZ1214). Research by HWP was jointly supported by US National Science Foundation Grant Nos. ENG/CBET 0826819, 1230543 (INSPIRE Program) and DEB 1240851 (Dimensions in Biodiversity Program). Research by YLZ was supported by the Key Program of the Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NIGLAS2012135003). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Ecology
                Subject: Global Change Ecology
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Invertebrates
                Subject: Plankton
                Subject: Phytoplankton
                Subject: Plants
                Subject: Algae
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Subject: Aquatic Environments
                Subject: Freshwater Environments
                Subject: Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Subject: Environmental Impacts
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability The authors confirm that, for approved reasons, some access restrictions apply to the data underlying the findings. The long term monitoring data, from 1992–2006, are freely available. The dataset was published in 2010 [Qin BQ, Hu CH. Taihu field station, Jiangsu (1991–2006). In: Sun HL, GL Yu, Z Ouyang and HL He eds. Ecosystem Observation and Research Dataset of China. Volume of Lakes, Wetlands and Gulfs. Beijing, China: China Agriculture Press, 2010: 1–304]. However, according to the Data Use Agreement Rule 1.3 we signed with TLLER: the authors are unable to make the data publicly available. Readers who are interested in the long term monitoring data from 2007 until 2012 could contact the data administrator Boqiang Qin ( qinbq@ 123456niglas.ac.cn ), or Chunhua Hu ( huchunhua@ 123456163.com ). In addition, for the phytoplankton dataset, one should contact Yuwei Chen ( ywchen@ 123456niglas.ac.cn ). We confirm that all interested parties will be able to obtain the dataset in the same manner as we did. The laboratory experiments dataset are available in supplemental files.

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