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      Correction: Electrochemical Investigation of the Corrosion of Different Microstructural Phases of X65 Pipeline Steel under Saturated Carbon Dioxide Conditions. Materials 2015, 8, 2635–2649

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          Abstract

          In the published manuscript “Electrochemical Investigation of the Corrosion of Different Microstructural Phases of X65 Pipeline Steel under Saturated Carbon Dioxide Conditions. Materials 2015, 8, 2635–2649 [1]”, we acknowledge that a contributor (Gaurav R. Joshi) had been omitted from the author list. Alterations are therefore requested to the author list, “Corresponding Author”, “Acknowledgements” and “Author Contributions”. Furthermore, we have since noted that in three places within the article, inappropriate references have been used. We apologize for the inconvenience this will have caused. The following changes to the text have been made: Page 2646, Section 3.2, “Surface Analysis”: “More commonly, chukanovite is detected as the minority phase, and usually secondary to siderite [14,21,22].” Is replaced with “More commonly, chukanovite is detected as a minority phase that is secondary to siderite [14,21].” Page 2646, Section 3.2, “Surface Analysis”: “Furthermore, acidic solutions would be considered to enhance the dissolution of chukanovite in the first instance, followed by the dissolution of siderite [23,24].” Is replaced with “Furthermore, bulk acidic solutions would likely encourage the dissolution of chukanovite in the first instance, followed by dissolution of siderite [22].” Page 2646, Section 3.2, “Surface Analysis”: “There is general agreement in the literature that this compound forms under slightly alkaline conditions (>pH 6) [25,26].” Is replaced with “There is general agreement in the literature that this compound forms under near neutral-alkaline conditions (>pH 6) [23,24].” Page 2646, Section 3.2, “Surface Analysis”: “Later work by Remazeilles has suggested that the preferential formation of Fe2(OH)2CO3 depended upon the ratio of [Fe2+] to [OH−] and [Fe2+] to [CO3 2−] in his deaerated FeCl2/NaOH/Na2CO3 solutions [27].” Is replaced with “By varying the concentration ratios of FeCl2 (aq), NaOH (aq) and Na2CO3 (aq) in Ar-deaerated water, and characterizing the precipitates formed (using FT-IR), Remazeilles et al. have indicated that the preferential formation of Fe2(OH)2CO3 is reliant upon the ratio of ratio of [Fe2+(aq)] to [OH−(aq)] and [Fe2+(aq)] to [CO3 2−(aq)] [25].” Page 2646, Section 3.2, “Surface Analysis”: “Subsequently, experimental work by Han reported that, even if the bulk solution pH is low (~4), local pH measurements on actively corroding steel surfaces in CO2 saturated environments at 80 °C showed that the pH at the interface is more alkaline (~6) [28].” Is replaced with “Experimental work by Han et al., concerned with interfacial pH measurements at a carbon steel mesh corroding in CO2-saturated solutions at 80 °C, appears to suggest that even if the bulk solution pH is fairly acidic (~4), the pH at the metal/solution interface is likely less so (~6)—i.e., higher local [OH−(aq)] [26].” Page 2646, Section 3.2, “Surface Analysis”: “In particular, if the relative molar ratio of [Fe2+]:[OH−] is approximately 1 and [Fe2+]:[CO3 2−] is approximately 2, thermodynamically stable chukanovite formation dominates in preference to Fe(OH)2 or FeCO3. A very recent report by Refait suggested that the formation of either chukanovite, siderite or other compounds (carbonated green rust or magnetite) at a steel surface under anaerobic carbonate-rich solutions must be controlled primarily by the aforementioned concentration ratios at the metal/solution interface [29].” Is replaced with “A recent report by Refait et al. has suggested that the formation of either chukanovite, siderite or other compounds (carbonated green rust or magnetite) at a carbon steel surface in anaerobic carbonate-rich solutions must be controlled primarily by the [Fe2+(aq)] to [OH-(aq)] and [Fe2+(aq)] to [CO3 2−(aq)] ratios at the metal/solution interface [27]. In particular, if the relative molar ratio of [Fe2+(aq)]:[OH−(aq)] is approximately 1 and [Fe2+(aq)]:[CO3 2−(aq)] is approximately 2, thermodynamically stable chukanovite formation should dominate in preference to Fe(OH)2 or FeCO3.” Page 2646, Section 3.2, “Surface Analysis”: “The observed chukanovite observed on the weld zone may have acted as a pre-cursor to siderite formation but this would also need to be confirmed with longer immersion experiments [14,30].” Is replaced with “The observed chukanovite on the weld zone may have acted as a pre-cursor to siderite formation [14], but this would need to be confirmed with longer immersion experiments.” Page 2648, “Acknowledgments”: “The author Yuanfeng Yang wishes to thank Mr G. R. Joshi for assistance with the glove box and experimental set up, and some discussion of the results. Dr Chris Wilkins and Mr Gary Harrison are thanked for their expert contribution with the SEM and XRD analysis.” Is replaced with “Gaurav R. Joshi acknowledges funding from the EPSRC via the Advanced Metallic Systems CDT. The authors thank Robert Lindsay for his comments during the discussion of the results, and Chris Wilkins and Gary Harrison for their assistance during the acquisition and analysis of the SEM and GIXRD data.” Page 2648, “Author Contributions”: “Yuanfeng Yang planned and conducted all experiments, examined the experimental results, performed all data analysis and wrote the article draft.” Is replaced with “Yuanfeng Yang planned and conducted all experiments. Yuanfeng Yang and Gaurav R Joshi examined the experimental results, performed data analyses and wrote the article draft together. Robert Akid was involved in the discussions, and proposed revisions to the final draft of the article script.” The manuscript will be updated and the original remain online at the article webpage.

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          Electrochemical Investigation of the Corrosion of Different Microstructural Phases of X65 Pipeline Steel under Saturated Carbon Dioxide Conditions

          The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of metallurgy on the corrosion behaviour of separate weld zone (WZ) and parent plate (PP) regions of X65 pipeline steel in a solution of deionised water saturated with CO2, at two different temperatures (55 °C and 80 °C) and at initial pH~4.0. In addition, a non-electrochemical immersion experiment was also performed at 80 °C in CO2, on a sample portion of X65 pipeline containing part of a weld section, together with adjacent heat affected zones (HAZ) and parent material. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate the corrosion behaviour of the separate weld and parent plate samples. This study seeks to understand the significance of the different microstructures within the different zones of the welded X65 pipe in CO2 environments on corrosion performance; with particular attention given to the formation of surface scales; and their composition/significance. The results obtained from grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements suggest that, post immersion, the parent plate substrate is scale free, with only features arising from ferrite (α-Fe) and cementite (Fe3C) apparent. In contrast, at 80 °C, GIXRD from the weld zone substrate, and weld zone/heat affected zone of the non-electrochemical sample indicates the presence of siderite (FeCO3) and chukanovite (Fe2CO3(OH)2) phases. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on this surface confirmed the presence of characteristic discrete cube-shaped crystallites of siderite together with plate-like clusters of chukanovite.
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            Author and article information

            Journal
            Materials (Basel)
            Materials (Basel)
            materials
            Materials
            MDPI
            1996-1944
            11 December 2015
            December 2015
            : 8
            : 12
            : 8728-8730
            Affiliations
            School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Yuanfeng.Yang@ 123456manchester.ac.uk (Y.Y.); gaurav.joshi-2@ 123456postgrad.manchester.ac.uk (G.R.J.)
            Author notes
            [* ]Correspondence: Robert.Akid@ 123456manchester.ac.uk ; Tel.: +44-161-306-5954
            [†]

            These authors contributed equally to this work.

            Article
            materials-08-05485
            10.3390/ma8125485
            5458853
            d825108a-3acd-4979-9b97-ce71bb93974e
            © 2015 by the authors.

            Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

            History
            : 26 November 2015
            : 10 December 2015
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