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      L’enclouage centromedullaire dans les fractures bifocales de la jambe: à propos de 16 cas Translated title: Intramedullary nailing in bifocal leg fractures: about 16 cases

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          Abstract

          Afin d'évaluer la gravité de cette lésion inhabituelle, nous avons mené une étude rétrospective intéressant les fractures bifocales fermées du tibia et nous avons étudié la place de l'enclouage centromédullaire ainsi que les différents moyens thérapeutiques. Seize patients avec fractures bifocales de jambe type 42C2 de l'AO ont été traités dans notre unité de traumatologie Orthopédie A du CHU Hassan II Fès. Il s'agissait de sujets jeunes, victimes de traumatisme de moyen à haute énergie. Cinq patients étaient polytraumatisés et deux poly fracturés. L'enclouage centromédullaire verrouillé avec alésage était utilisé dans six cas et sans alésage dans dix cas. Nous avons déplorés après enclouage deux cas de syndromes de loge. Le délai de consolidation moyen était de douze mois. Deux cas de pseudarthroses ont été repris avec succès par un enclouage avec sur alésage. La fracture bifocale de jambe pose de nombreux défis au chirurgien en raison de l'approvisionnement vasculaire précaire du segment intermédiaire et de la grave détérioration des tissus mous environnants. Elles doivent être individualisées de l'ensemble des fractures de jambe tant par leur contexte de survenue que par les difficultés de fixation et la lenteur de leur consolidation.

          Translated abstract

          We conducted a retrospective study of bifocal closed fractures of the tibia in order to assess the severity of this unusual lesion. We analyzed the entry point for intramedullary nailing as well as the different therapeutic options. Sixteen patients with AO type 42C2 bifocal leg fractures were treated in our Traumatology-Orthopedics Unit A at the University Hospital Hassan II, Fez. The subjects were young, victims of medium to high energy trauma. Five subjects were polytraumatized patients and two were poly-traumatized patients with fractures. Six patients underwent locked intramedullary nailing with reaming while seven patients underwent intramedullary nailing without reaming. Two cases of compartment syndrome were recorded after nailing. Mean fracture consolidation time was twelve months. Two cases of pseudarthroses were successfully treated by nailing with reaming. Bifocal leg fractures pose many challenges for the surgeon due to weak vascular supply of the intermediate segment and to severe deterioration of the surrounding soft tissues. They should be detected among the leg fractures based on their context of occurrence, difficulties in fixation as well as slow consolidation time.

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          Acute compartment syndrome. Who is at risk?

          We have analysed associated factors in 164 patients with acute compartment syndrome whom we treated over an eight-year period. In 69% there was an associated fracture, about half of which were of the tibial shaft. Most patients were men, usually under 35 years of age. Acute compartment syndrome of the forearm, with associated fracture of the distal end of the radius, was again seen most commonly in young men. Injury to soft tissues, without fracture, was the second most common cause of the syndrome and one-tenth of the patients had a bleeding disorder or were taking anticoagulant drugs. We found that young patients, especially men, were at risk of acute compartment syndrome after injury. When treating such injured patients, the diagnosis should be made early, utilising measurements of tissue pressure.
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            The epidemiology of tibial fractures.

            We performed an epidemiological analysis of 523 fractures treated in the Edinburgh Orthopaedic Trauma Unit over a three-year period using modern descriptive criteria. The fractures were defined in terms of their AO morphology and their degree of comminution, location and cause. Closed fractures were classified using the Tscherne grading system and open fractures according to the Gustilo classification. Further analysis of fractures caused by road-traffic accidents and football was carried out. The use of the AO classification allowed the common fracture patterns to be defined. Correlation of the classification systems showed an association between the AO morphological system and the Tscherne and Gustilo classifications. The relative rarity of severe tibial fractures is indicated and it is suggested that in smaller orthopaedic units the infrequency of these fractures has implications for training and the development of treatment protocols.
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              Compartment monitoring in tibial fractures. The pressure threshold for decompression.

              We made a prospective study of 116 patients with tibial diaphyseal fractures who had continuous monitoring of anterior compartment pressure for 24 hours. Three patients had acute compartment syndrome (2.6%). In the first 12 hours of monitoring, 53 patients had absolute pressures over 30 mmHg and 30 had pressures over 40 mmHg, with four higher than 50 mmHg. Only one patient had a differential pressure (diastolic minus compartment pressure) of less than 30 mmHg; he had a fasciotomy. In the second 12-hour period 28 patients had absolute pressures over 30 mmHg and seven over 40 mmHg. Only two had differential pressures of less than 30 mmHg; they had fasciotomies. None of our 116 patients had any sequelae of the compartment syndrome at their latest review at least six months after injury. A threshold for decompression of 30 mmHg would have indicated that 50 patients (43%) would have required fasciotomy, and at a 40 mmHg threshold 27 (23%) would have been considered for an unnecessary fasciotomy. In our series, the use of a differential pressure of 30 mmHg as a threshold for fasciotomy led to no missed cases of acute compartment syndrome. We recommended that decompression should be performed if the differential pressure level drops to under 30 mmHg.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pan Afr Med J
                Pan Afr Med J
                PAMJ
                The Pan African Medical Journal
                The African Field Epidemiology Network
                1937-8688
                13 October 2017
                2017
                : 28
                : 139
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Service d’Orthopédie et Traumatologie A, CHU Hassan II, Fès, Maroc
                Author notes
                [& ]Corresponding author: Said Zizah, Service d’Orthopédie et Traumatologie A, CHU Hassan II, Fès, Maroc
                Article
                PAMJ-28-139
                10.11604/pamj.2017.28.139.3036
                5847053
                d8294b8e-1829-4c5a-94c4-ee64717b6ca8
                © Said Zizah et al.

                The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 June 2013
                : 15 September 2014
                Categories
                Case Series

                Medicine
                fracture bifocale de jambe,enclouage centro-médullaire verrouillé,alésage,bifocal leg fracture,locked intramedullary nailing,reaming

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