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      ¿La prueba del frío podría predecir la aparición de eventos cardiovasculares en pacientes sin enfermedad coronaria demostrada? Translated title: Is Cold Pressor Test Useful to Predict Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Not Documented Coronary Artery Disease?

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          Abstract

          Introducción La disfunción endotelial es la primera alteración conocida que interviene en el desarrollo de la cardiopatía isquémica. La falta de metodologías adecuadamente desarrolladas que permitan reconocer en la etapa preclínica de la enfermedad a los pacientes en riesgo de padecer un evento cardiovascular alertan sobre la necesidad de adoptar métodos adicionales de diagnóstico para su identificación precoz. La función endotelial en las arterias coronarias fue evaluada con perfusión miocárdica SPECT y la prueba del frío. Objetivos Determinar la prevalencia de la prueba del frío en 511 pacientes sin cardiopatía isquémica demostrada, como también de los factores de riesgo coronario asociados en aquellos con resultado positivo y analizar la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares en un seguimiento de cincuenta meses. Material y métodos En un servicio de medicina nuclear se realizó en 511 pacientes un estudio tomográfico de perfusión miocárdica (SPECT), cuyo resultado ante el ejercicio reveló una captación uniforme del radiotrazador. Ningún paciente tenía antecedentes de revascularización miocárdica ni de infarto previo. Entre los dos y los cinco días posteriores al ingreso en el protocolo se efectuó la prueba del frío. Se considera que ésta es positiva cuando se observa hipocaptación del radioisótopo en algún segmento que no existía en el estudio del esfuerzo y negativo cuando no hay cambios en la captación entre ambos estudios. El seguimiento promedio fue de 24 ± 13 meses, el cual pudo completarse en el 95% de los participantes. Se analizaron los eventos mortalidad cardíaca, infarto de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular y procedimientos de revascularización. Resultados La edad media fue de 58,7 años con una prevalencia del sexo masculino del 52,6%. Prevalencia de factores de riesgo: diabetes 10,3%, dislipidemia 69,3%, hipertensión arterial 63,4%, obesidad 25,2% y tabaquismo 22,3%. En el 32,4% de los pacientes la prueba fue positiva. El 3,9% no toleró el frío y el 5,3% tuvo reacción vagal. Durante cincuenta meses, la sobrevida libre de eventos fue del 95,6% y del 86,6% en los grupos con prueba del frío negativa y positiva, respectivamente (p < 0,01). Conclusiones La prevalencia de la prueba del frío positiva en pacientes sin cardiopatía isquémica demostrada fue del 32,4%. El sexo masculino y el índice de masa corporal elevado se asociaron con un resultado positivo de la prueba. La prueba del frío positiva identificaría a pacientes que podrían padecer eventos cardiovasculares.

          Translated abstract

          Background Endothelial dysfunction is recognized as the initial step in the development of ischemic heart disease. Yet, the lack of appropriate methods to recognize in the preclinical stage of the disease the patients at risk of cardiovascular events emphasizes the necessity of developing additional diagnostic tools for its early identification. Endothelial function in coronary arteries was evaluated with myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging and cold pressor test. Objective To determine the prevalence of positive cold pressor test in 511 patients with not documented ischemic heart disease, of associated coronary risk factors in those with a positive test, and to analyze the incidence of cardiovascular events after 50-month follow-up. Material and Methods The study was conducted at a department of nuclear medicine. A total of 511 patients underwent myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging; exercise images showed uniform tracer uptake. There were no patients with a history of myocardial revascularization or previous myocardial infarction. Cold pressor test was performed between two and five days after. A positive test was defined by the presence of decreased tracer uptake in any segment that was not present in rest or exercise images; the absence of tracer uptake changes defined a negative test. Mean follow-up was 24±13 months and was achieved in 95% of patients. The incidence of cardiac mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and revascularization procedures was analyzed. Results Mean age was 58.7 years; 52.6% were men. Prevalence of risk factors: diabetes 10.3%, dyslipemia 69.3%, hypertension 63.4%, obesity 25.2%, and smoking habits 22.3%. The test was positive in 32.4% of patients; 3.9% of patients did not tolerate cold stimulus and 5.3% presented vagal symptoms. Event-free survival at 50 months was 95.6% and 86.6% in patients with negative and positive test, respectively (p<0.01). Conclusions The prevalence of positive cold pressure test in patients with not demonstrated ischemic heart disease was 32.4%. Male gender and body mass index were associated with a positive test. Cold pressure test might identify patients at risk of cardiovascular events.

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          Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction.

          Coronary endothelial dysfunction is characterized by vasoconstrictive response to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine. Although endothelial dysfunction is considered an early phase of coronary atherosclerosis, there is a paucity of information regarding the outcome of these patients. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the outcome of patients with mild coronary artery disease on the basis of their endothelial function. Follow-up was obtained in 157 patients with mildly diseased coronary arteries who had undergone coronary vascular reactivity evaluation by graded administration of intracoronary acetylcholine, adenosine, and nitroglycerin and intracoronary ultrasound at the time of diagnostic study. Patients were divided on the basis of their response to acetylcholine into 3 groups: group 1 (n=83), patients with normal endothelial function; group 2 (n=32), patients with mild endothelial dysfunction; and group 3 (n=42), patients with severe endothelial dysfunction. Over an average 28-month follow-up (range, 11 to 52 months), none of the patients from group 1 or 2 had cardiac events. However, 6 (14%) with severe endothelial dysfunction had 10 cardiac events (P<0.05 versus groups 1 and 2). Cardiac events included myocardial infarction, percutaneous or surgical coronary revascularization, and/or cardiac death. Severe endothelial dysfunction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease is associated with increased cardiac events. This study supports the concept that coronary endothelial dysfunction may play a role in the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
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            Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries.

            Acetylcholine is believed to dilate normal blood vessels by promoting the release of a vasorelaxant substance from the endothelium (endothelium-derived relaxing factor). By contrast, if the endothelium is removed experimentally, acetylcholine constricts blood vessels. We tested the hypothesis that muscarinic cholinergic vasodilation is impaired in coronary atherosclerosis. Graded concentrations of acetylcholine and, for comparison, the nonendothelial-dependent vasodilator nitroglycerin were infused into the left anterior descending artery of eight patients with advanced coronary stenoses (greater than 50 percent narrowing), four subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries, and six patients with mild coronary atherosclerosis (less than 20 percent narrowing). Vascular responses were evaluated by quantitative angiography. In several segments each of four normal coronary arteries, acetylcholine caused a dose-dependent dilation from a control diameter of 1.94 +/- 0.16 mm to 2.16 +/- 0.15 mm with the maximal acetylcholine dose (P less than 0.01). In contrast, all eight of the arteries with advanced stenoses showed dose-dependent constriction, from 1.05 +/- 0.05 to 0.32 +/- 0.16 mm at the highest concentration of acetylcholine (P less than 0.01), with temporary occlusion in five. Five of six vessels with minimal disease also constricted in response to acetylcholine. All vessels dilated in response to nitroglycerin, however. We conclude that paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine occurs early as well as late in the course of coronary atherosclerosis. Our preliminary findings suggest that the abnormal vascular response to acetylcholine may represent a defect in endothelial vasodilator function, and may be important in the pathogenesis of coronary vasospasm.
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              Aerobic work capacity in men and women with special reference to age.

              I Astrand (1959)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                rac
                Revista argentina de cardiología
                Rev. argent. cardiol.
                Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                1850-3748
                October 2010
                : 78
                : 5
                : 417-424
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameSociedad Argentina de Cardiología
                [02] orgnameHospital Central de San Isidro orgdiv1Cardiología
                [03] orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Hospital de Clínicas orgdiv2División de Cardiología
                Article
                S1850-37482010000500008
                d82b5a81-b938-497d-8abc-5effd9522c57

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 May 2010
                : 03 March 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Argentina


                Ischemic Heart Disease,Endothelial Dysfunction,Cold Pressor Test,Prognosis,Cardiopatía isquémica,Disfunción endotelial,Prueba del frío,Pronóstico

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