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      Pest Management and Ochratoxin A Contamination in Grapes: A Review

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          Abstract

          Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most toxic member of ochratoxins, a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. The most relevant species involved in OTA production in grapes is Aspergillus carbonarius. Berry infection by A. carbonarius is enhanced by damage to the skin caused by abiotic and biotic factors. Insect pests play a major role in European vineyards, and Lepidopteran species such as the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana are undoubtedly crucial. New scenarios are also emerging due to the introduction and spread of allochthonous pests as well as climate change. Such pests may be involved in the dissemination of OTA producing fungi even if confirmation is still lacking and further studies are needed. An OTA predicting model is available, but it should be integrated with models aimed at forecasting L. botrana phenology and demography in order to improve model reliability.

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          Most cited references163

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          Impact of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in North America and Europe: History, Biology, Ecology, and Management.

          The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive pentatomid introduced from Asia into the United States, Canada, multiple European countries, and Chile. In 2010, BMSB populations in the mid-Atlantic United States reached outbreak levels and subsequent feeding severely damaged tree fruit as well as other crops. Significant nuisance issues from adults overwintering inside homes were common. BMSB is a highly polyphagous species with a strong dispersal capacity and high reproductive output, potentially enabling its spread and success in invaded regions. A greater understanding of BMSB biology and ecology and its natural enemies, the identification of the male-produced aggregation pheromone, and the recognition that BMSB disperses into crops from adjacent wooded habitats have led to the development of behavior-based integrated pest management (IPM) tactics. Much is still unknown about BMSB, and continued long-term collaborative studies are necessary to refine crop-specific IPM programs and enhance biological control across invaded landscapes.
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            A critical review of plant protection tools for reducing pesticide use on grapevine and new perspectives for the implementation of IPM in viticulture

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              Ochratoxin A: Toxicity, oxidative stress and metabolism

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Toxins (Basel)
                Toxins (Basel)
                toxins
                Toxins
                MDPI
                2072-6651
                07 May 2020
                May 2020
                : 12
                : 5
                : 303
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VE.S.), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; letizia.mondani@ 123456unicatt.it (L.M.); roberta.palumbo@ 123456unicatt.it (R.P.)
                [2 ]School of Plant Sciences, Department of Crop Science, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; dimtsi@ 123456aua.gr
                [3 ]School of Plant Sciences, Department of Crop Science, Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; dperdikis@ 123456aua.gr
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: emanuele.mazzoni@ 123456unicatt.it (E.M.); paola.battilani@ 123456unicatt.it (P.B.); Tel.: +39-0523-599-237 (E.M.); +39-0523-599-254 (P.B.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2262-3295
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2006-6106
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9845-6038
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1287-1711
                Article
                toxins-12-00303
                10.3390/toxins12050303
                7290310
                32392817
                d8458a05-22f2-432f-9357-8a0c9e85d967
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 30 March 2020
                : 04 May 2020
                Categories
                Review

                Molecular medicine
                lobesia botrana,forecasting models,mycotoxins,insects,black aspergilli,aspergillus carbonarius’ ota

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