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      Risk factors associated with cybervictimization in adolescence Translated title: Factores de riesgo asociados a cibervictimización en la adolescencia

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          Abstract

          The aim of this work is to analyze the predictive value of several variables that may affect the likelihood of occasional or severe cibervictimization in adolescence, including sociodemographic (gender and age), psychological (self-esteem and shyness-social anxiety), educational (off-line school victimization, training and socio-emotional support, and academic achievement), family (parental control), and technological (frequency of use and risky Internet behaviors) factors. To achieve this, three self-reports were applied to 3,180 Compulsory Secondary Education students from Asturias (Spain), aged between 11 and 19 years old. The multinomial logistic regression results show that age, off-line school victimization, parental control, risky Internet behaviors, using online social networks or instant messaging applications and frequency of Internet use during weekends are statistically significant risk factors for both occasional and severe cybervictimization. Self-esteem is a protective factor for occasional cybervictimization. Having their own mobile phone, playing on-line with others and frequency of Internet use during weekdays are risk factors for severe cybervictimization. The implications of these results are discussed with regard to prevention, detection and treatment of cybervictimization.

          Resumen

          El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la capacidad predictiva de diversos factores de carácter sociodemográfico (género y edad), psicológico (autoestima y timidez-ansiedad social), educativo (victimización escolar off-line, formación y apoyo en el centro educativo, y rendimiento académico), familiar (control parental) y tecnológico (frecuencia de uso y conductas de riesgo) sobre la probabilidad de padecer cibervictimización ocasional o severa, en una muestra de adolescentes españoles. Para ello, se aplicaron tres autoinformes a 3.180 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de Asturias (España), de entre 11 y 19 años. Los análisis de regresión logística multinomial muestran que la edad, la victimización escolar off-line, el control parental, las conductas de riesgo en Internet, el uso de redes sociales o programas de mensajería instantánea y la frecuencia de uso de Internet durante el fin de semana son factores de riesgo estadísticamente significativos tanto de cibervictimización ocasional como severa. La autoestima es factor protector de cibervictimización ocasional. Tener móvil propio, jugar on-line con otras personas y la frecuencia de uso de Internet de lunes a viernes son factores de riesgo de cibervictimización severa. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados de cara a la prevención, detección y tratamiento de la cibervictimización.

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          Most cited references39

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          Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils.

          Cyberbullying describes bullying using mobile phones and the internet. Most previous studies have focused on the prevalence of text message and email bullying. Two surveys with pupils aged 11-16 years: (1) 92 pupils from 14 schools, supplemented by focus groups; (2) 533 pupils from 5 schools, to assess the generalisability of findings from the first study, and investigate relationships of cyberbullying to general internet use. Both studies differentiated cyberbullying inside and outside of school, and 7 media of cyberbullying. Both studies found cyberbullying less frequent than traditional bullying, but appreciable, and reported more outside of school than inside. Phone call and text message bullying were most prevalent, with instant messaging bullying in the second study; their impact was perceived as comparable to traditional bullying. Mobile phone/video clip bullying, while rarer, was perceived to have more negative impact. Age and gender differences varied between the two studies. Study 1 found that most cyberbullying was done by one or a few students, usually from the same year group. It often just lasted about a week, but sometimes much longer. The second study found that being a cybervictim, but not a cyberbully, correlated with internet use; many cybervictims were traditional 'bully-victims'. Pupils recommended blocking/avoiding messages, and telling someone, as the best coping strategies; but many cybervictims had told nobody about it. Cyberbullying is an important new kind of bullying, with some different characteristics from traditional bullying. Much happens outside school. Implications for research and practical action are discussed.
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            Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization

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              Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic Internet use.

              The model of problematic Internet use advanced and tested in the current study proposes that individuals' psychosocial well-being, along with their beliefs about interpersonal communication (both face-to-face and online) are important cognitive predictors of negative outcomes arising from Internet use. The study examined the extent to which social anxiety explains results previously attributed to loneliness as a predictor of preference for online social interaction and problematic Internet use. The results support the hypothesis that the relationship between loneliness and preference for online social interaction is spurious, and that social anxiety is the confounding variable.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Int J Clin Health Psychol
                Int J Clin Health Psychol
                International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP
                Asociacion Espanola de Psicologia Conductual
                1697-2600
                2174-0852
                14 April 2015
                Sep-Dec 2015
                14 April 2015
                : 15
                : 3
                : 226-235
                Affiliations
                [0005]Universidad de Oviedo (Spain)
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n, 33003 Oviedo (Spain). alvarezgardavid@ 123456uniovi.es
                Article
                S1697-2600(15)00007-1
                10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.03.002
                6224863
                30487840
                d85c4ab5-70da-4b4d-94d4-69d913abd9a2
                © 2015 Asociación Espa˜nola de Psicología Conductual. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 16 December 2014
                : 9 March 2015
                Categories
                Original article

                cybervictimization,risk factors,adolescence,secondary education,ex post facto study,cibervictimización,factores de riesgo,adolescencia,educación secundaria,estudio ex post facto

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