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      A relational investigation of Israeli gay fathers’ experiences of surrogacy, early parenthood, and mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

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          Abstract

          Perinatal distress affects approximately 10% of fathers, but little is known about how gay fathers experience the challenges surrounding childbirth and early parenting of a child. This study explored gay fathers’ experiences of having a baby via transnational surrogacy, raising that baby as a gay parent, and the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 Israeli men to understand their experiences of surrogacy and early parenthood, focusing on the impact on their mental health and the relational factors involved. Secondary narrative analysis revealed that fathers constructed surrogacy as a perilous quest that required strong intentionality to undertake. The first year of parenthood was conceptualised alternately as a joyful experience and/or one that challenged fathers’ identities and mental health. A relational framework was applied to better conceptualise the fathers’ narratives, revealing that actual connections—and the potentials for links—considerably shaped experiences of surrogacy, perinatal distress and recovery. Implications for research and policy are discussed.

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          Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization

          Benjamin Saunders, Julius Sim, Tom Kingstone … (2017)
          Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research. It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of the data that have been collected or analysed hitherto, further data collection and/or analysis are unnecessary. However, there appears to be uncertainty as to how saturation should be conceptualized, and inconsistencies in its use. In this paper, we look to clarify the nature, purposes and uses of saturation, and in doing so add to theoretical debate on the role of saturation across different methodologies. We identify four distinct approaches to saturation, which differ in terms of the extent to which an inductive or a deductive logic is adopted, and the relative emphasis on data collection, data analysis, and theorizing. We explore the purposes saturation might serve in relation to these different approaches, and the implications for how and when saturation will be sought. In examining these issues, we highlight the uncertain logic underlying saturation—as essentially a predictive statement about the unobserved based on the observed, a judgement that, we argue, results in equivocation, and may in part explain the confusion surrounding its use. We conclude that saturation should be operationalized in a way that is consistent with the research question(s), and the theoretical position and analytic framework adopted, but also that there should be some limit to its scope, so as not to risk saturation losing its coherence and potency if its conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely.
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            Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research.

            Lawrence Palinkas, Sarah M. Horwitz, Carla Green … (2015)
            Purposeful sampling is widely used in qualitative research for the identification and selection of information-rich cases related to the phenomenon of interest. Although there are several different purposeful sampling strategies, criterion sampling appears to be used most commonly in implementation research. However, combining sampling strategies may be more appropriate to the aims of implementation research and more consistent with recent developments in quantitative methods. This paper reviews the principles and practice of purposeful sampling in implementation research, summarizes types and categories of purposeful sampling strategies and provides a set of recommendations for use of single strategy or multistage strategy designs, particularly for state implementation research.
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              Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry

              John Creswell, Dana L. Miller (2000)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hannah Kate Kelly:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-6838
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Shulamit Geller: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Viren Swami: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Geva Shenkman: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Sigal Levy: Role: Data curationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Damien Ridge:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9245-5958
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Grant Rich: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Title: PLOS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 February 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 24 February 2023
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0282330
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
                [2 ] Statistics Education Unit, The Academic College of Tel Aviv Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
                [3 ] School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
                [4 ] Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                [5 ] School of Psychology, Reichman University (Interdisciplinary Center, IDC), Herzliya, Israel
                Walden University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-6838
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9245-5958
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-22-30077
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282330
                PMC ID: 9956003
                PubMed ID: 36827339
                SO-VID: d8760a87-b678-4199-bddc-faa87e65fb8b
                Copyright © © 2023 Kelly et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 1 November 2022
                Date accepted : 14 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Pages: 24
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Families
                Subject: Fathers
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Sexuality Groupings
                Subject: Homosexuals
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Women's Health
                Subject: Maternal Health
                Subject: Pregnancy
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Women's Health
                Subject: Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Subject: Pregnancy
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Human Families
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Pandemics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Emotions
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Sexuality Groupings
                Subject: Heterosexuals
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability Data from this study cannot be shared publicly because the ethics permission granted for the study by the Ethics Committee at The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, and consented to by participants, only allow for the sharing of short anonymised quotes. The participants are a small number of sexual minority men whose individual anonymised narratives (and particularly as couples in some instances) are distinctive and thus revealing. Interviews were provided confidentially, and this encouraged full expression by participants. Participants consented to take part in the study with the understanding that only short anonymised quotations would be made publicly available. Therefore, only illustrative short quotes from the transcripts, which qualify as the minimal data set, are included in the article.
                Outbreaks COVID-19

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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