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      Supervised, semi-supervised and unsupervised inference of gene regulatory networks

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          Abstract

          Inference of gene regulatory network from expression data is a challenging task. Many methods have been developed to this purpose but a comprehensive evaluation that covers unsupervised, semi-supervised and supervised methods, and provides guidelines for their practical application, is lacking.

          We performed an extensive evaluation of inference methods on simulated and experimental expression data. The results reveal low prediction accuracies for unsupervised techniques with the notable exception of the Z-SCORE method on knockout data. In all other cases, the supervised approach achieved the highest accuracies and even in a semi-supervised setting with small numbers of only positive samples, outperformed the unsupervised techniques.

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          Most cited references32

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          minet: A R/Bioconductor Package for Inferring Large Transcriptional Networks Using Mutual Information

          Results This paper presents the R/Bioconductor package minet (version 1.1.6) which provides a set of functions to infer mutual information networks from a dataset. Once fed with a microarray dataset, the package returns a network where nodes denote genes, edges model statistical dependencies between genes and the weight of an edge quantifies the statistical evidence of a specific (e.g transcriptional) gene-to-gene interaction. Four different entropy estimators are made available in the package minet (empirical, Miller-Madow, Schurmann-Grassberger and shrink) as well as four different inference methods, namely relevance networks, ARACNE, CLR and MRNET. Also, the package integrates accuracy assessment tools, like F-scores, PR-curves and ROC-curves in order to compare the inferred network with a reference one. Conclusion The package minet provides a series of tools for inferring transcriptional networks from microarray data. It is freely available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) as well as from the Bioconductor website.
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            Towards a Rigorous Assessment of Systems Biology Models: The DREAM3 Challenges

            Background Systems biology has embraced computational modeling in response to the quantitative nature and increasing scale of contemporary data sets. The onslaught of data is accelerating as molecular profiling technology evolves. The Dialogue for Reverse Engineering Assessments and Methods (DREAM) is a community effort to catalyze discussion about the design, application, and assessment of systems biology models through annual reverse-engineering challenges. Methodology and Principal Findings We describe our assessments of the four challenges associated with the third DREAM conference which came to be known as the DREAM3 challenges: signaling cascade identification, signaling response prediction, gene expression prediction, and the DREAM3 in silico network challenge. The challenges, based on anonymized data sets, tested participants in network inference and prediction of measurements. Forty teams submitted 413 predicted networks and measurement test sets. Overall, a handful of best-performer teams were identified, while a majority of teams made predictions that were equivalent to random. Counterintuitively, combining the predictions of multiple teams (including the weaker teams) can in some cases improve predictive power beyond that of any single method. Conclusions DREAM provides valuable feedback to practitioners of systems biology modeling. Lessons learned from the predictions of the community provide much-needed context for interpreting claims of efficacy of algorithms described in the scientific literature.
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              Generating realistic in silico gene networks for performance assessment of reverse engineering methods.

              Reverse engineering methods are typically first tested on simulated data from in silico networks, for systematic and efficient performance assessment, before an application to real biological networks. In this paper, we present a method for generating biologically plausible in silico networks, which allow realistic performance assessment of network inference algorithms. Instead of using random graph models, which are known to only partly capture the structural properties of biological networks, we generate network structures by extracting modules from known biological interaction networks. Using the yeast transcriptional regulatory network as a test case, we show that extracted modules have a biologically plausible connectivity because they preserve functional and structural properties of the original network. Our method was selected to generate the "gold standard" networks for the gene network reverse engineering challenge of the third DREAM conference (Dialogue on Reverse Engineering Assessment and Methods 2008, Cambridge, MA).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Brief Bioinform
                Brief. Bioinformatics
                bib
                bib
                Briefings in Bioinformatics
                Oxford University Press
                1467-5463
                1477-4054
                March 2014
                21 May 2013
                21 May 2013
                : 15
                : 2 , Special Issue: Papers inspired by the meeting ISCB-Asia/SCCG 2012
                : 195-211
                Author notes
                Corresponding author. Mark Ragan. The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and ARC Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia, Tel.: 61 7 3346 2616; Fax: 61 7 3346 2101; E-mail: m.ragan@ 123456uq.edu.au
                Article
                bbt034
                10.1093/bib/bbt034
                3956069
                23698722
                d8b55dda-65ee-46b4-b0cb-53e536dae706
                © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 19 January 2013
                : 15 April 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 17
                Categories
                Papers

                Bioinformatics & Computational biology
                gene regulatory networks,simulation,gene expression data,machine learning

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