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      Prevalence and abundance of 9 periodontal pathogens in the saliva of periodontally healthy adults and patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          This study aimed to examine the prevalence and abundance of 9 representative periodontal pathogens in the saliva samples of periodontally healthy subjects (PH) and patients with periodontitis who underwent supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). The age-specific distribution of these pathogens in periodontally healthy individuals was also analyzed.

          Methods

          One hundred subjects (aged >35 years) were recruited (50 each in the PH and SPT groups) between August 2016 and April 2019. The prevalence and abundance of periodontal pathogens in the PH group were compared with those in periodontally healthy young subjects (94 subjects; aged <35 years), who were included in our previous study. DNA copy numbers of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ( Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis ( Pg), Tannerella forsythia ( Tf), Treponema denticola ( Td), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Fusobacterium nucleatum ( Fn), Campylobacter rectus ( Cr), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (Pa), and Eikenella corrodens ( Ec) were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

          Results

          The detection frequencies of all pathogens, except Aa, were high in the PH and SPT groups. The ranking order of pathogen DNA copy numbers was similar in both groups. In both groups, Fn had the highest abundance, Aa had the lowest abundance. Additionally, Td was significantly more abundant in men than in women in both groups ( P<0.05). Compared with the PH group, the SPT group exhibited significantly lower total bacteria and Fn abundance and higher Pg abundance ( P<0.05). The age-specific pathogen distribution analysis revealed a significantly low Aa abundance and high Tf and Cr abundance in the PH group.

          Conclusions

          The clinical parameters and microbial profiles were similar between the SPT and PH groups. However, patients with periodontitis require supportive care to prevent recurrence. As the abundance of some bacteria varied with age, future studies must elucidate the correlation between age-related physiological changes and periodontal bacterial composition.

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          Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity.

          Jørn A. Aas, Bruce Paster, Lauren N Stokes … (2005)
          More than 700 bacterial species or phylotypes, of which over 50% have not been cultivated, have been detected in the oral cavity. Our purposes were (i) to utilize culture-independent molecular techniques to extend our knowledge on the breadth of bacterial diversity in the healthy human oral cavity, including not-yet-cultivated bacteria species, and (ii) to determine the site and subject specificity of bacterial colonization. Nine sites from five clinically healthy subjects were analyzed. Sites included tongue dorsum, lateral sides of tongue, buccal epithelium, hard palate, soft palate, supragingival plaque of tooth surfaces, subgingival plaque, maxillary anterior vestibule, and tonsils. 16S rRNA genes from sample DNA were amplified, cloned, and transformed into Escherichia coli. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes were used to determine species identity or closest relatives. In 2,589 clones, 141 predominant species were detected, of which over 60% have not been cultivated. Thirteen new phylotypes were identified. Species common to all sites belonged to the genera Gemella, Granulicatella, Streptococcus, and Veillonella. While some species were subject specific and detected in most sites, other species were site specific. Most sites possessed 20 to 30 different predominant species, and the number of predominant species from all nine sites per individual ranged from 34 to 72. Species typically associated with periodontitis and caries were not detected. There is a distinctive predominant bacterial flora of the healthy oral cavity that is highly diverse and site and subject specific. It is important to fully define the human microflora of the healthy oral cavity before we can understand the role of bacteria in oral disease.
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            Fusobacterium nucleatum: a commensal-turned pathogen.

            Yiping W. Han (2015)
            Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic oral commensal and a periodontal pathogen associated with a wide spectrum of human diseases. This article reviews its implication in adverse pregnancy outcomes (chorioamnionitis, preterm birth, stillbirth, neonatal sepsis, preeclampsia), GI disorders (colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, appendicitis), cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory tract infections, Lemierre's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. The virulence mechanisms involved in the diseases are discussed, with emphasis on its colonization, systemic dissemination, and induction of host inflammatory and tumorigenic responses. The FadA adhesin/invasin conserved in F. nucleatum is a key virulence factor and a potential diagnostic marker for F. nucleatum-associated diseases.
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              The aging population: demographics and the biology of aging.

              Eleni Kanasi, Srinivas Ayilavarapu, Judith Jones (2016)
              Epidemiologic studies show that 11% of the world's population is over 60 years of age; this is projected to increase, by 2050, to 22% of the population. Oral aging is a current focus of several organizations including the Federation Dentaire Internationale, the World Health Organization and the American and Japanese Dental Associations. In their Tokyo Declaration, the Japanese Association identified the elderly population as one of its main target groups. One of the WHO goals is for each person to retain more than 20 teeth by age 80, despite the fact that the prevalence of periodontal disease is continuously rising as the population is aging. Every species has its own characteristic lifespan, which is determined by its evolutionary history and is modified by multiple diverse factors, including biological mechanisms. In humans, the gradual accumulation of products of cellular metabolism and extensive DNA damage contribute to the aging process. Aging is thought to be associated with a low-grade inflammatory phenotype in mammals, called 'inflammaging', and is the result of autophagic capacity impairing so-called 'housekeeping activities' in the cells, resulting in protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Delayed stem-cell proliferation, associated with aging, may impact the maintenance and survival of a living being, but excessive proliferation could also result in depleted reserves of stem cells. Studies are needed to address the association of delayed cell proliferation and wound healing with the onset of periodontal diseases and response to treatment. The effects of systemic diseases, medications, psychological effects and decreased interest or ability in performing oral-hygiene practices are thought to result in periodontal diseases, and ultimately in tooth loss, in aged individuals. Together with an aging population comes a responsibility for 'healthy' and 'successful' aging. This article describes the changing global demographic profile and the effects of an aging society on the prevalence and incidence of periodontal diseases. We review the definitions of normal and successful aging, the principles of geriatric medicine and the highlights of biological aging at cellular, tissue and systems levels.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Periodontal Implant Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Periodontal Implant Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JPIS
                Title: Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science
                Publisher: Korean Academy of Periodontology
                ISSN (Print): 2093-2278
                ISSN (Electronic): 2093-2286
                Publication date Collection: October 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 July 2021
                Volume: 51
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 316-328
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Periodontology, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea.
                [2 ]Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Ju-Youn Lee. Department of Periodontology, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, 20 Geumo-ro, Yangsan 50612, Korea. heroine@ 123456pusan.ac.kr , Tel: +82-55-360-5202, Fax: +82-55-360-5194
                Correspondence: Hyun-Joo Kim. Department of Periodontology, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, 20 Geumo-ro, Yangsan 50612, Korea. periohjkim@ 123456pusan.ac.kr , Tel: +82-55-360-5204, Fax: +82-55-360-5194
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7747-914X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4050-5797
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0772-033X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7553-6289
                Article
                DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2006640332
                PMC ID: 8558008
                PubMed ID: 34713993
                SO-VID: d8dc0b3c-dc33-4247-8fcb-9d78da9428eb
                Copyright © Copyright © 2021. Korean Academy of Periodontology
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 05 October 2020
                Date revision received : 07 February 2021
                Date accepted : 05 March 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Pusan National University Dental Hospital
                Award ID: PNUDH DRI-2019-03
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Periodontal Science

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: adult,aging,bacterial load,chronic periodontitis,maintenance,saliva
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: adult, aging, bacterial load, chronic periodontitis, maintenance, saliva

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