Pertinencia de las medidas no farmacológicas ante el avance de la vacunación <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Relevance of non-pharmacological measures in the face of the advance of vaccination </span>

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Abstract

RESUMEN Las diferentes vacunas frente al SARS-CoV-2 han supuesto un importante y necesario avance en la lucha frente a la pandemia. Las vacunas han demostrado su efectividad para evitar la enfermedad grave y las hospitalizaciones. Sin embargo, el riesgo de transmisión podría permanecer por lo que es necesario evaluar también la efectividad vacunal ante otros determinantes como la carga viral (relacionada con la capacidad de transmisión del virus). Además de la vacunación, hay otros factores que influyen en la reducción de la transmisión como son las medidas de prevención no farmacológicas, la susceptibilidad individual o las características y duración de la exposición. En esta revisión se pretende hacer un análisis de la posibilidad de relajar las medidas de control de la pandemia en función de la efectividad vacunal, la cobertura y la circulación de nuevas variantes entre otros factores. Se concluye que en este momento se pueden empezar a relajar algunas medidas en grupos de personas totalmente vacunadas, pero hay que seguir manteniendo el control en general hasta alcanzar coberturas suficientes, lo que se calcula que podría ocurrir a finales de verano de 2021.

Translated abstract

ABSTRACT The various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been an important and necessary step forward in the fight against the pandemic. Vaccines have been demonstrated to be effective in preventing severe disease and hospitalizations. However, the risk of transmission could remain, so it is also necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine against other determinants such as viral load (related to the virus's ability to transmit). In addition to vaccination, there are other factors that influence the reduction of transmission, such as non-pharmacological prevention interventions, individual susceptibility or the characteristics and duration of exposure. This review aims to analyze the possibility of relaxing the pandemic control measures based on vaccine effectiveness, coverage and circulation of new variants, among other factors. It is concluded that at this time some measures can begin to be relaxed in groups of fully vaccinated people, but it is necessary to continue to keep them until enough coverage is achieved, which is calculated could occur at the end of summer 2021.

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BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting

Noa Dagan, Noam Barda, Eldad Kepten … (2021)

Abstract Background As mass vaccination campaigns against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) commence worldwide, vaccine effectiveness needs to be assessed for a range of outcomes across diverse populations in a noncontrolled setting. In this study, data from Israel’s largest health care organization were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Methods All persons who were newly vaccinated during the period from December 20, 2020, to February 1, 2021, were matched to unvaccinated controls in a 1:1 ratio according to demographic and clinical characteristics. Study outcomes included documented infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), symptomatic Covid-19, Covid-19–related hospitalization, severe illness, and death. We estimated vaccine effectiveness for each outcome as one minus the risk ratio, using the Kaplan–Meier estimator. Results Each study group included 596,618 persons. Estimated vaccine effectiveness for the study outcomes at days 14 through 20 after the first dose and at 7 or more days after the second dose was as follows: for documented infection, 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40 to 51) and 92% (95% CI, 88 to 95); for symptomatic Covid-19, 57% (95% CI, 50 to 63) and 94% (95% CI, 87 to 98); for hospitalization, 74% (95% CI, 56 to 86) and 87% (95% CI, 55 to 100); and for severe disease, 62% (95% CI, 39 to 80) and 92% (95% CI, 75 to 100), respectively. Estimated effectiveness in preventing death from Covid-19 was 72% (95% CI, 19 to 100) for days 14 through 20 after the first dose. Estimated effectiveness in specific subpopulations assessed for documented infection and symptomatic Covid-19 was consistent across age groups, with potentially slightly lower effectiveness in persons with multiple coexisting conditions. Conclusions This study in a nationwide mass vaccination setting suggests that the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine is effective for a wide range of Covid-19–related outcomes, a finding consistent with that of the randomized trial.

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Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19

Jerald Sadoff, Glenda Gray, An Vandebosch … (2021)

Background The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine is a recombinant, replication-incompetent human adenovirus type 26 vector encoding full-length severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein in a prefusion-stabilized conformation. Methods In an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned adult participants in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S (5×10 10 viral particles) or placebo. The primary end points were vaccine efficacy against moderate to severe–critical coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) with an onset at least 14 days and at least 28 days after administration among participants in the per-protocol population who had tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Safety was also assessed. Results The per-protocol population included 19,630 SARS-CoV-2–negative participants who received Ad26.COV2.S and 19,691 who received placebo. Ad26.COV2.S protected against moderate to severe–critical Covid-19 with onset at least 14 days after administration (116 cases in the vaccine group vs. 348 in the placebo group; efficacy, 66.9%; adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI], 59.0 to 73.4) and at least 28 days after administration (66 vs. 193 cases; efficacy, 66.1%; adjusted 95% CI, 55.0 to 74.8). Vaccine efficacy was higher against severe–critical Covid-19 (76.7% [adjusted 95% CI, 54.6 to 89.1] for onset at ≥14 days and 85.4% [adjusted 95% CI, 54.2 to 96.9] for onset at ≥28 days). Despite 86 of 91 cases (94.5%) in South Africa with sequenced virus having the 20H/501Y.V2 variant, vaccine efficacy was 52.0% and 64.0% against moderate to severe–critical Covid-19 with onset at least 14 days and at least 28 days after administration, respectively, and efficacy against severe–critical Covid-19 was 73.1% and 81.7%, respectively. Reactogenicity was higher with Ad26.COV2.S than with placebo but was generally mild to moderate and transient. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the two groups. Three deaths occurred in the vaccine group (none were Covid-19–related), and 16 in the placebo group (5 were Covid-19–related). Conclusions A single dose of Ad26.COV2.S protected against symptomatic Covid-19 and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and was effective against severe–critical disease, including hospitalization and death. Safety appeared to be similar to that in other phase 3 trials of Covid-19 vaccines. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development and others; ENSEMBLE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04505722 .)

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Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil

Nuno Faria, Thomas A. Mellan, Charles A Whittaker … (2021)

Despite an extensive network of primary care availability, Brazil has suffered profoundly during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Using daily data from state health offices, Castro et al. analyzed the pattern of spread of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the country from February to October 2020. Clusters of deaths before cases became apparent indicated unmitigated spread. SARS-CoV-2 circulated undetected in Brazil for more than a month as it spread north from S o Paulo. In Manaus, transmission reached unprecedented levels after a momentary respite in mid-2020. Faria et al. tracked the evolution of a new, more aggressive lineage called P.1, which has 17 mutations, including three (K417T, E484K, and N501Y) in the spike protein. After a period of accelerated evolution, this variant emerged in Brazil during November 2020. Coupled with the emergence of P.1, disease spread was accelerated by stark local inequalities and political upheaval, which compromised a prompt federal response. Science , abh1558 and abh2644, this issue p. [Related article:] 821 and p. 815 A variant lineage of SARS-CoV-2 associated with rapid transmission in Manaus, Brazil, evolved in November 2020 with immune escape characteristics. Cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Manaus, Brazil, resurged in late 2020 despite previously high levels of infection. Genome sequencing of viruses sampled in Manaus between November 2020 and January 2021 revealed the emergence and circulation of a novel SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern. Lineage P.1 acquired 17 mutations, including a trio in the spike protein (K417T, E484K, and N501Y) associated with increased binding to the human ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptor. Molecular clock analysis shows that P.1 emergence occurred around mid-November 2020 and was preceded by a period of faster molecular evolution. Using a two-category dynamical model that integrates genomic and mortality data, we estimate that P.1 may be 1.7- to 2.4-fold more transmissible and that previous (non-P.1) infection provides 54 to 79% of the protection against infection with P.1 that it provides against non-P.1 lineages. Enhanced global genomic surveillance of variants of concern, which may exhibit increased transmissibility and/or immune evasion, is critical to accelerate pandemic responsiveness.

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Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): resp

Title: Revista Española de Salud Pública

Abbreviated Title: Rev. Esp. Salud Publica

Publisher: Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )

ISSN (Print): 1135-5727

ISSN (Electronic): 2173-9110

Publication date (Print and electronic): 2021

Volume: 95

Electronic Location Identifier: perspectivas18

Affiliations

[1] Galicia orgnameHospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago orgdiv1Unidad Docente de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública de Galicia España

[2] Cantabria orgnameConsejería de Sanidad de Cantabria orgdiv1Unidad Docente de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública de Cantabria España

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Publisher ID: S1135-57272021000101103 Publisher ID: S1135-5727(21)09500001103

SO-VID: d8e06b01-8250-47e5-9500-6e0e996333d0

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

Pertinencia de las medidas no farmacológicas ante el avance de la vacunación Translated title: Relevance of non-pharmacological measures in the face of the advance of vaccination

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Most cited references 31

BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting

Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19

Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil

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