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      Cladistic analysis of the genus Bruggmanniella Tavares (Diptera, Cecicomyiidae, Asphondyliini) with evolutionary inferences on the gall inducer-host plant association and description of a new Brazilian species

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          Abstract

          In this study, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Bruggmanniella Tavares based on morphological features. Cladistic analyses were conducted using 57 characters from 26 species. All species of Bruggmanniella except for B. byrsonimae were selected as ingroup and the genera Asphondylia Loew, Bruggmannia Tavares, Illiciomyia Tokuda, Parazalepidota Maia, Pseudasphondylia Monzen, Schizomyia Kieffer, and Lopesia Rübsaamen as outgroup. We used characters from larvae, pupae, adults, and galls. The results of this study supported Bruggmanniella as the sister group of Pseudasphondylia. Bruggmanniella actinodaphnes Tokuda and Yukawa and B. cinnamomi Tokuda and Yukawa have been moved to genus Pseudasphondylia ( Pseudasphondylia actinodaphnes (Tokuda and Yukawa) comb. nov. and Pseudasphondylia cinnamomi (Tokuda and Yukawa) comb. nov.). The new genus Odontokeros gen. nov. has been erected for the single species Odontokeros brevipes (Lin, Yang & Tokuda) comb. nov. In addition, we described a new Brazilian species, Bruggmanniella miconia Garcia, Lamas and Urso-Guimarães sp. nov. Identification keys to the New World species of Bruggmanniella are presented.

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          Quantitative Phyletics and the Evolution of Anurans

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            Counting animal species with DNA barcodes: Canadian insects

            Recent estimates suggest that the global insect fauna includes fewer than six million species, but this projection is very uncertain because taxonomic work has been limited on some highly diverse groups. Validation of current estimates minimally requires the investigation of all lineages that are diverse enough to have a substantial impact on the final species count. This study represents a first step in this direction; it employs DNA barcoding to evaluate patterns of species richness in 27 orders of Canadian insects. The analysis of over one million specimens revealed species counts congruent with earlier results for most orders. However, Diptera and Hymenoptera were unexpectedly diverse, representing two-thirds of the 46 937 barcode index numbers (=species) detected. Correspondence checks between known species and barcoded taxa showed that sampling was incomplete, a result confirmed by extrapolations from the barcode results which suggest the occurrence of at least 94 000 species of insects in Canada, a near doubling from the prior estimate of 54 000 species. One dipteran family, the Cecidomyiidae, was extraordinarily diverse with an estimated 16 000 species, a 10-fold increase from its predicted diversity. If Canada possesses about 1% of the global fauna, as it does for known taxa, the results of this study suggest the presence of 10 million insect species with about 1.8 million of these taxa in the Cecidomyiidae. If so, the global species count for this fly family may exceed the combined total for all 142 beetle families. If extended to more geographical regions and to all hyperdiverse groups, DNA barcoding can rapidly resolve the current uncertainty surrounding a species count for the animal kingdom. A newly detailed understanding of species diversity may illuminate processes important in speciation, as suggested by the discovery that the most diverse insect lineages in Canada employ an unusual mode of reproduction, haplodiploidy. This article is part of the themed issue ‘From DNA barcodes to biomes’.
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              THE HOLY GRAIL OF THE PERFECT CHARACTER: THE CLADISTIC TREATMENT OF MORPHOMETRIC DATA

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                5 February 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 2
                : e0227853
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratório de Diptera, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [2 ] Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Sistemática de Diptera, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
                Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3098-9361
                Article
                PONE-D-19-22463
                10.1371/journal.pone.0227853
                7001989
                32023290
                d8f8ff51-0148-4917-ae10-30c31d1bcc52
                © 2020 Garcia et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 8 August 2019
                : 29 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 0, Pages: 23
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001807, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo;
                Award ID: 2016/19010-4
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior;
                Award ID: 001
                Award Recipient :
                CAG was supported by grants from “Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo” (FAPESP – 2016/19010-4) ( http://www.fapesp.br/) and “Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil” (CAPES – Finance Code 001) ( https://www.capes.gov.br/). All authors thank FAPESP and CAPES for the financial support. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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                Custom metadata
                The registration number of the new species ( Bruggmanniella miconia sp. nov.) as well as its COI sequence are available from ZooBank (accession number urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:80866883-69C9-46F2-8361-52F60D69A584) and GenBank (accession number MN686345). All these relevant data are also within the manuscript.

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