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      Effects of Aromatherapy with Lavender and Peppermint Essential Oils on the Sleep Quality of Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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          Abstract

          One of the problems of cancer patients is sleep disorder. Given the absence of studies on comparing the effect of inhalation aromatherapy with lavender and peppermint on the sleep quality of the cancer patients, this study was performed to compare the effect of inhalation aromatherapy with lavender and peppermint essential oils on the sleep quality of cancer patients. For this purpose, 120 patients were randomly allocated to three groups of lavender, peppermint, and control. The intervention groups received three drops of the essential oil for 7 days. In the control group, aromatic distilled water was used instead. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) was used. Before the intervention, no significant difference was observed between the mean PSQI scores of three groups, while the difference was statistically significant after the intervention. The mean PSQI scores were lower in lavender and peppermint groups than in the control group. Aromatherapy can improve the sleep quality of cancer patients. To confirm the findings, more studies should be done.

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          Biological activities of lavender essential oil.

          H Dwight Cavanagh, Darren J. Wilkinson (2002)
          Essential oils distilled from members of the genus Lavandula have been used both cosmetically and therapeutically for centuries with the most commonly used species being L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. stoechas and L. x intermedia. Although there is considerable anecdotal information about the biological activity of these oils much of this has not been substantiated by scientific or clinical evidence. Among the claims made for lavender oil are that is it antibacterial, antifungal, carminative (smooth muscle relaxing), sedative, antidepressive and effective for burns and insect bites. In this review we detail the current state of knowledge about the effect of lavender oils on psychological and physiological parameters and its use as an antimicrobial agent. Although the data are still inconclusive and often controversial, there does seem to be both scientific and clinical data that support the traditional uses of lavender. However, methodological and oil identification problems have severely hampered the evaluation of the therapeutic significance of much of the research on Lavandula spp. These issues need to be resolved before we have a true picture of the biological activities of lavender essential oil. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-P).

            Jeiran Farrahi Moghaddam, Nouzar Nakhaee, Vahid Sheibani … (2012)
            There is a high worldwide prevalence of sleep quality disturbances, and sleep disturbances have been associated with numerous diseases. Thus, it is important to assess sleep quality. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-rating questionnaire that can be completed within 5 min, but no Persian language version is available. We translated the PSQI into Persian and then back into English to ensure the accuracy of the translation. A total of 125 psychiatric patients (generalized anxiety disorder, n = 37; major depression, n = 35; schizophrenia, n = 28; primary insomnia, n = 25) and 133 controls completed our Persian version of this questionnaire. Internal consistency, construct validity, and sensitivity and specificity of the PSQI were assessed. The mean ages (±SD) of the patient and control groups were 36.8 years (±13.9) and 34.2 years (±9.8), respectively (p = 0.08). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all subjects was 0.77 and was 0.52 for the patient group and 0.78 for the control group. The corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.30 to 0.75 for the seven component scores of the PSQI. When the general health questionnaire-12 was used as a measure of psychiatric morbidity, it was well correlated with the PSQI scores (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of discrimination of insomniac patients from control subjects were 94% and 72% for a PSQI cutoff value of 5 and 85% and 84% for a PSQI cutoff value of 6. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the PSQI were acceptable.
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              Insomnia in the context of cancer: a review of a neglected problem.

              C Morin, J. Savard (2001)
              This article reviews the evidence on the diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of insomnia in the context of cancer and proposes several areas for future research. Clinical and diagnostic features of insomnia are described and prevalence estimates of insomnia complaints in cancer patients are summarized. Then, potential etiologic factors (ie, predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors) and consequences of insomnia (ie, psychologic, behavioral, and health impact) in the context of cancer are discussed. Finally, pharmacologic and psychologic treatments previously shown effective to treat insomnia in healthy individuals are discussed as valuable treatment options for cancer patients as well. Because long-term use of hypnotic medications is associated with some risks (eg, dependence), it is argued that psychologic interventions (eg, stimulus control, sleep restriction, cognitive therapy) are the treatment of choice for sleep disturbances in the context of cancer, especially when it has reached a chronic course. However, the efficacy of these treatments has yet to be verified specifically in cancer patients.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Alireza Khatony:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-5539
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ECAM
                Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 1741-427X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 March 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 25 March 2020
                Volume: 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 7480204
                Affiliations
                1Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
                2Research Center for Environmental Determinant of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
                3Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5379-572X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-5539
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2020/7480204
                PMC ID: 7132346
                PubMed ID: 32308715
                SO-VID: d90609b4-6ebe-4b52-8df6-238cd361fbaa
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Sahar Hamzeh et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 October 2019
                Date revision received : 3 February 2020
                Date accepted : 5 March 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Imam Reza Hospital
                Funded by: Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
                Award ID: 96696
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine

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