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      A new North American species of Etainia (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), feeding on Arbutus and Arctostaphylos species (Ericaceae)

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          Abstract

          Etainia thoraceleuca van Nieukerken, Epstein & Davis, sp. nov. is the second native American species of Etainia Beirne, 1945, and the second known Etainia species feeding on Ericaceae . The species is known from light-collected adults in the USA (California, Arizona) and Canada (Ontario). These were linked via DNA barcodes to larvae that make short leafmines on Arbutus and Arctostaphylos species, then continue feeding in stems and branches, causing damage in nurseries and planted trees in Sonoma and Marin Counties, California. The holotype was accidentally reared from Arbutus arizonica , without observing the damage. Life history and damage are described in detail. Damage in Arctostaphylos uva-ursi found in Washington State probably belongs to E. thoraceleuca , which is a sister species to the European E. albibimaculella (Larsen, 1927).

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          bold: The Barcode of Life Data System (http://www.barcodinglife.org)

          Sujeevan Ratnasingham, Paul Hebert (2007)
          The Barcode of Life Data System (bold) is an informatics workbench aiding the acquisition, storage, analysis and publication of DNA barcode records. By assembling molecular, morphological and distributional data, it bridges a traditional bioinformatics chasm. bold is freely available to any researcher with interests in DNA barcoding. By providing specialized services, it aids the assembly of records that meet the standards needed to gain BARCODE designation in the global sequence databases. Because of its web-based delivery and flexible data security model, it is also well positioned to support projects that involve broad research alliances. This paper provides a brief introduction to the key elements of bold, discusses their functional capabilities, and concludes by examining computational resources and future prospects.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1072 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A DNA-Based Registry for All Animal Species: The Barcode Index Number (BIN) System

            Sujeevan Ratnasingham, Paul Hebert (2013)
            Because many animal species are undescribed, and because the identification of known species is often difficult, interim taxonomic nomenclature has often been used in biodiversity analysis. By assigning individuals to presumptive species, called operational taxonomic units (OTUs), these systems speed investigations into the patterning of biodiversity and enable studies that would otherwise be impossible. Although OTUs have conventionally been separated through their morphological divergence, DNA-based delineations are not only feasible, but have important advantages. OTU designation can be automated, data can be readily archived, and results can be easily compared among investigations. This study exploits these attributes to develop a persistent, species-level taxonomic registry for the animal kingdom based on the analysis of patterns of nucleotide variation in the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. It begins by examining the correspondence between groups of specimens identified to a species through prior taxonomic work and those inferred from the analysis of COI sequence variation using one new (RESL) and four established (ABGD, CROP, GMYC, jMOTU) algorithms. It subsequently describes the implementation, and structural attributes of the Barcode Index Number (BIN) system. Aside from a pragmatic role in biodiversity assessments, BINs will aid revisionary taxonomy by flagging possible cases of synonymy, and by collating geographical information, descriptive metadata, and images for specimens that are likely to belong to the same species, even if it is undescribed. More than 274,000 BIN web pages are now available, creating a biodiversity resource that is positioned for rapid growth.
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              Counting animal species with DNA barcodes: Canadian insects

              Paul Hebert, Sujeevan Ratnasingham, Evgeny V. Zakharov … (2016)
              Recent estimates suggest that the global insect fauna includes fewer than six million species, but this projection is very uncertain because taxonomic work has been limited on some highly diverse groups. Validation of current estimates minimally requires the investigation of all lineages that are diverse enough to have a substantial impact on the final species count. This study represents a first step in this direction; it employs DNA barcoding to evaluate patterns of species richness in 27 orders of Canadian insects. The analysis of over one million specimens revealed species counts congruent with earlier results for most orders. However, Diptera and Hymenoptera were unexpectedly diverse, representing two-thirds of the 46 937 barcode index numbers (=species) detected. Correspondence checks between known species and barcoded taxa showed that sampling was incomplete, a result confirmed by extrapolations from the barcode results which suggest the occurrence of at least 94 000 species of insects in Canada, a near doubling from the prior estimate of 54 000 species. One dipteran family, the Cecidomyiidae, was extraordinarily diverse with an estimated 16 000 species, a 10-fold increase from its predicted diversity. If Canada possesses about 1% of the global fauna, as it does for known taxa, the results of this study suggest the presence of 10 million insect species with about 1.8 million of these taxa in the Cecidomyiidae. If so, the global species count for this fly family may exceed the combined total for all 142 beetle families. If extended to more geographical regions and to all hyperdiverse groups, DNA barcoding can rapidly resolve the current uncertainty surrounding a species count for the animal kingdom. A newly detailed understanding of species diversity may illuminate processes important in speciation, as suggested by the discovery that the most diverse insect lineages in Canada employ an unusual mode of reproduction, haplodiploidy. This article is part of the themed issue ‘From DNA barcodes to biomes’.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Erik J. van Nieukerken:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-1840
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2
                Journal ID (index): urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
                Journal ID (aggregator): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 March 2024
                Volume: 1193
                Pages: 195-218
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9557, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden Netherlands
                [2 ] Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 105, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013–7012, USA National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC United States of America
                [3 ] Environmental Horticulture Advisor Marin & Sonoma Counties, 1682 Novato Blvd., Suite 150-B, Novato, CA 94947, USA Environmental Horticulture Advisor Marin & Sonoma Counties Novato, CA United States of America
                [4 ] Plant Pest Diagnostics Center, California Department of Food & Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA 95832, USA Plant Pest Diagnostics Center, California Department of Food & Agriculture Sacramento United States of America
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Erik J. van Nieukerken ( erik.vannieukerken@ 123456naturalis.nl)

                Academic editor: Kevin Keegan

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-1840
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8659-5815
                Article
                Publisher ID: 116982
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1193.116982
                PMC ID: 10940862
                PubMed ID: 38496800
                SO-VID: d907c0b7-d3fd-40be-b0ed-96f1f724a257
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.

                History
                Date received : 06 December 2023
                Date accepted : 31 January 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Nepticulidae
                Subject: Agriculture and Forestry
                Subject: Taxonomy
                Subject: North America

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: arizona,california,canada,insect damage,leafmines,stem mines,taxonomy,united states
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: arizona, california, canada, insect damage, leafmines, stem mines, taxonomy, united states

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