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      The Effect of Cationic Polyamidoamine Dendrimers on Physicochemical Characteristics of Hydrogels with Erythromycin

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          Abstract

          Polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM) represent a new class of hyperbranched, monodisperse, three-dimensional polymers with unique properties, which make them very promising carriers of antimicrobial agents. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of PAMAM-NH 2 dendrimers generation two (G2) or three (G3) on physicochemical characteristics and structure of hydrogels with a model antibacterial lipophilic drug—erythromycin—commonly used in topical applications. From the obtained rheograms, it can be concluded that tested hydrogels were non-Newtonian thixotropic systems with shear-thinning behaviour. The dissolution tests revealed that erythromycin was definitely faster released from formulations containing PAMAM-NH 2 in concentration and generation dependent manner. However, the addition of PAMAM-NH 2 to hydrogels evoked only slight improvement of their antibacterial activity. It was also shown that the structure of hydrogels changed in the presence of PAMAM-NH 2 becoming less compact, diversified and more porous. Designed hydrogels with PAMAM-NH 2 G2 or G3 were stable stored up to three months at 40 ± 2 °C and 75% ± 5% RH.

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          Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations.

          N. Peppas (2000)
          The availability of large molecular weight protein- and peptide-based drugs due to the recent advances in the field of molecular biology has given us new ways to treat a number of diseases. Synthetic hydrogels offer a possibly effective and convenient way to administer these compounds. Hydrogels are hydrophilic, three-dimensional networks, which are able to imbibe large amounts of water or biological fluids, and thus resemble, to a large extent, a biological tissue. They are insoluble due to the presence of chemical (tie-points, junctions) and/or physical crosslinks such as entanglements and crystallites. These materials can be synthesized to respond to a number of physiological stimuli present in the body, such as pH, ionic strength and temperature. The aim of this article is to present a concise review on the applications of hydrogels in the pharmaceutical field, hydrogel characterization and analysis of drug release from such devices.
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            "Nanoantibiotics": a new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era.

            Ae Jung Huh, Young Kwon (2011)
            Despite the fact that we live in an era of advanced and innovative technologies for elucidating underlying mechanisms of diseases and molecularly designing new drugs, infectious diseases continue to be one of the greatest health challenges worldwide. The main drawbacks for conventional antimicrobial agents are the development of multiple drug resistance and adverse side effects. Drug resistance enforces high dose administration of antibiotics, often generating intolerable toxicity, development of new antibiotics, and requests for significant economic, labor, and time investments. Recently, nontraditional antibiotic agents have been of tremendous interest in overcoming resistance that is developed by several pathogenic microorganisms against most of the commonly used antibiotics. Especially, several classes of antimicrobial nanoparticles (NPs) and nanosized carriers for antibiotics delivery have proven their effectiveness for treating infectious diseases, including antibiotics resistant ones, in vitro as well as in animal models. This review summarizes emerging efforts in combating against infectious diseases, particularly using antimicrobial NPs and antibiotics delivery systems as new tools to tackle the current challenges in treating infectious diseases. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Hydrogels in a historical perspective: from simple networks to smart materials.

              Sytze J Buwalda, Kristel W.M. Boere, Pieter J Dijkstra … (2014)
              Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in the field of hydrogels as functional biomaterials. Biomedical application of hydrogels was initially hindered by the toxicity of crosslinking agents and limitations of hydrogel formation under physiological conditions. Emerging knowledge in polymer chemistry and increased understanding of biological processes resulted in the design of versatile materials and minimally invasive therapies. Hydrogel matrices comprise a wide range of natural and synthetic polymers held together by a variety of physical or chemical crosslinks. With their capacity to embed pharmaceutical agents in their hydrophilic crosslinked network, hydrogels form promising materials for controlled drug release and tissue engineering. Despite all their beneficial properties, there are still several challenges to overcome for clinical translation. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the developments in hydrogel research from simple networks to smart materials.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Már Másson: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 August 2015
                Publication date Collection: September 2015
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 20277-20289
                Affiliations
                Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; E-Mail: magdalena.wroblewska@ 123456umb.edu.pl
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: kwin@ 123456umb.edu.pl ; Tel.: +48-85-748-56-15; Fax: +48-85-748-56-16.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-16-20277
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920277
                PMC ID: 4613203
                PubMed ID: 26343637
                SO-VID: d9548675-b811-430f-8294-6b37d4851790
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 03 July 2015
                Date accepted : 07 August 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: pamam dendrimer,erythromycin,hydrogel,mechanical properties,rheological properties
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: pamam dendrimer, erythromycin, hydrogel, mechanical properties, rheological properties

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