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      Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy and Congenital Abnormalities

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          Abstract

          The presence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has gone ahead to be a threat to people based on its adverse impacts. More specifically, the pregnant women have been discouraged from traveling to the areas affected by the ZIKV because of the likelihood of the virus causing congenital abnormalities especially the microcephaly. The pregnant women probably attracted the virus during their first trimester while visiting ZIKV affected territories. Although the ZIKV infected cases have reduced in some parts of countries, the global risk assessment has not been changed. The virus continues to spread geographically to areas where competent vectors are present. At present, there is still no treatment of ZIKV related illness, especially microcephaly.

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          Most cited references34

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          First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil

          In the early 2015, several cases of patients presenting symptoms of mild fever, rash, conjunctivitis and arthralgia were reported in the northeastern Brazil. Although all patients lived in a dengue endemic area, molecular and serological diagnosis for dengue resulted negative. Chikungunya virus infection was also discarded. Subsequently, Zika virus (ZIKV) was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from the sera of eight patients and the result was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the ZIKV identified belongs to the Asian clade. This is the first report of ZIKV infection in Brazil.
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            Zika virus: a report on three cases of human infection during an epidemic of jaundice in Nigeria.

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              Description of 13 Infants Born During October 2015-January 2016 With Congenital Zika Virus Infection Without Microcephaly at Birth - Brazil.

              Congenital Zika virus infection can cause microcephaly and severe brain abnormalities (1). Congenital Zika syndrome comprises a spectrum of clinical features (2); however, as is the case with most newly recognized teratogens, the earliest documented clinical presentation is expected to be the most severe. Initial descriptions of the effects of in utero Zika virus infection centered prominently on the finding of congenital microcephaly (3). To assess the possibility of clinical presentations that do not include congenital microcephaly, a retrospective assessment of 13 infants from the Brazilian states of Pernambuco and Ceará with normal head size at birth and laboratory evidence of congenital Zika virus infection was conducted. All infants had brain abnormalities on neuroimaging consistent with congenital Zika syndrome, including decreased brain volume, ventriculomegaly, subcortical calcifications, and cortical malformations. The earliest evaluation occurred on the second day of life. Among all infants, head growth was documented to have decelerated as early as 5 months of age, and 11 infants had microcephaly. These findings provide evidence that among infants with prenatal exposure to Zika virus, the absence of microcephaly at birth does not exclude congenital Zika virus infection or the presence of Zika-related brain and other abnormalities. These findings support the recommendation for comprehensive medical and developmental follow-up of infants exposed to Zika virus prenatally. Early neuroimaging might identify brain abnormalities related to congenital Zika infection even among infants with a normal head circumference (4).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                04 April 2017
                2017
                : 8
                : 581
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan, South Korea
                [2] 2Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University Gyungsan, South Korea
                Author notes

                Edited by: Paulo Henrique Rosado-de-Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

                Reviewed by: Irina Burd, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA; Anu Susan Charles, Louisiana State University, USA

                *Correspondence: Yong-Ha Park, peter@ 123456ynu.ac.kr Vivek K. Bajpai, vbajpai04@ 123456ynu.ac.kr

                These authors have contributed equally to this work.

                This article was submitted to Infectious Diseases, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2017.00581
                5378815
                28421065
                d9561f03-1bf5-4d79-ad0a-2a02d299a9ba
                Copyright © 2017 Rather, Lone, Bajpai and Park.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 15 December 2016
                : 21 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 56, Pages: 7, Words: 0
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Review

                Microbiology & Virology
                zikv,microcephaly,infection diseases,outbreak,mosquito
                Microbiology & Virology
                zikv, microcephaly, infection diseases, outbreak, mosquito

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