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      The cell biology of malaria infection of mosquito: advances and opportunities

      review-article
      Author(s): *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Cellular Microbiology
      Publisher: BlackWell Publishing Ltd

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          Abstract

          Recent reviews (Feachem et al.; Alonso et al.) have concluded that in order to have a sustainable impact on the global burden of malaria, it is essential that we knowingly reduce the global incidence of infected persons. To achieve this we must reduce the basic reproductive rate of the parasites to < 1 in diverse epidemiological settings. This can be achieved by impacting combinations of the following parameters: the number of mosquitoes relative to the number of persons, the mosquito/human biting rate, the proportion of mosquitoes carrying infectious sporozoites, the daily survival rate of the infectious mosquito and the ability of malaria-infected persons to infect mosquito vectors.

          This paper focuses on our understanding of parasite biology underpinning the last of these terms: infection of the mosquito. The article attempts to highlight central issues that require further study to assist in the discovery of useful transmission-blocking measures.

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          Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and elimination.

          Teun Bousema, Chris Drakeley (2011)
          Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics, with Plasmodium falciparum responsible for the majority of the disease burden and P. vivax being the geographically most widely distributed cause of malaria. Gametocytes are the sexual-stage parasites that infect Anopheles mosquitoes and mediate the onward transmission of the disease. Gametocytes are poorly studied despite this crucial role, but with a recent resurgence of interest in malaria elimination, the study of gametocytes is in vogue. This review highlights the current state of knowledge with regard to the development and longevity of P. falciparum and P. vivax gametocytes in the human host and the factors influencing their distribution within endemic populations. The evidence for immune responses, antimalarial drugs, and drug resistance influencing infectiousness to mosquitoes is reviewed. We discuss how the application of molecular techniques has led to the identification of submicroscopic gametocyte carriage and to a reassessment of the human infectious reservoir. These components are drawn together to show how control measures that aim to reduce malaria transmission, such as mass drug administration and a transmission-blocking vaccine, might better be deployed.
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            A comprehensive survey of the Plasmodium life cycle by genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses.

            Neil Hall, Marianna Karras, J. Dale Raine … (2005)
            Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium chabaudi are widely used model malaria species. Comparison of their genomes, integrated with proteomic and microarray data, with the genomes of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium yoelii revealed a conserved core of 4500 Plasmodium genes in the central regions of the 14 chromosomes and highlighted genes evolving rapidly because of stage-specific selective pressures. Four strategies for gene expression are apparent during the parasites' life cycle: (i) housekeeping; (ii) host-related; (iii) strategy-specific related to invasion, asexual replication, and sexual development; and (iv) stage-specific. We observed posttranscriptional gene silencing through translational repression of messenger RNA during sexual development, and a 47-base 3' untranslated region motif is implicated in this process.
            Article 0 comments Cited 280 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Regulation of sexual development of Plasmodium by translational repression.

              G Mair (2006)
              Translational repression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) plays an important role in sexual differentiation and gametogenesis in multicellular eukaryotes. Translational repression and mRNA turnover were shown to influence stage-specific gene expression in the protozoan Plasmodium. The DDX6-class RNA helicase, DOZI (development of zygote inhibited), is found in a complex with mRNA species in cytoplasmic bodies of female, blood-stage gametocytes. These translationally repressed complexes are normally stored for translation after fertilization. Genetic disruption of pbdozi inhibits the formation of the ribonucleoprotein complexes, and instead, at least 370 transcripts are diverted to a degradation pathway.
              Article 0 comments Cited 204 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cell Microbiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cell. Microbiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cmi
                Title: Cellular Microbiology
                Publisher: BlackWell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 1462-5814
                ISSN (Electronic): 1462-5822
                Publication date (Print): April 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 February 2015
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 451-466
                Affiliations
                Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London and the Jenner Institute, The University of Oxford Oxford, UK
                Author notes
                * For correspondence. E-mail r.sinden@ 123456imperial.ac.uk ; Tel. (+01865) 617619; Fax (+01865) 617608.
                Article
                DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12413
                PMC ID: 4409862
                PubMed ID: 25557077
                SO-VID: d957dd30-cedf-4114-906a-55a76e93ac99
                Copyright © © 2014 The Author. Cellular Microbiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                Date received : 08 October 2014
                Date revision received : 12 December 2014
                Date accepted : 30 December 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Thematic Reviews – Development and Metabolism
                Subject: Microreview

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology

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