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      Whey Protein Improves Exercise Performance and Biochemical Profiles in Trained Mice

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          ABSTRACT

          Purpose

          The objective of this study is to verify the beneficial effects of whey protein (WP) supplementation on health promotion and enhance exercise performance in an aerobic-exercise training protocol.

          Methods

          In total, 40 male Institute of Cancer Research mice (4 wk old) were divided into four groups ( n = 10 per group): sedentary control with vehicle (SC) or WP supplementation (4.1 g·kg −1, SC + WP), and exercise training with vehicle (ET) or WP supplementation (4.1 g·kg −1, ET + WP). Animals in the ET and ET + WP groups underwent swimming endurance training for 6 wk, 5 d·wk −1. Exercise performance was evaluated by forelimb grip strength and exhaustive swimming time as well as by changes in body composition and biochemical parameters at the end of the experiment.

          Results

          ET significantly decreased final body and muscle weight and levels of albumin, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total cholesterol, and triacylglycerol. ET significantly increased grip strength; relative weight (%) of liver, heart, and brown adipose tissue (BAT); and levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and total bilirubin. WP supplementation significantly decreased final body, muscle, liver, BAT, and kidney weight and relative weight (%) of muscle, liver, and BAT as well as levels of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and uric acid. In addition, WP supplementation slightly increased endurance time and significantly increased grip strength and levels of albumin and total protein.

          Conclusion

          WP supplementation improved exercise performance, body composition, and biochemical assessments in mice and may be an effective ergogenic aid in aerobic exercise training.

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          Most cited references36

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          Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease.

          B K Pedersen, B Saltin (2006)
          Considerable knowledge has accumulated in recent decades concerning the significance of physical activity in the treatment of a number of diseases, including diseases that do not primarily manifest as disorders of the locomotive apparatus. In this review we present the evidence for prescribing exercise therapy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related disorders (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity), heart and pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, intermittent claudication), muscle, bone and joint diseases (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome) and cancer, depression, asthma and type 1 diabetes. For each disease, we review the effect of exercise therapy on disease pathogenesis, on symptoms specific to the diagnosis, on physical fitness or strength and on quality of life. The possible mechanisms of action are briefly examined and the principles for prescribing exercise therapy are discussed, focusing on the type and amount of exercise and possible contraindications.
          Article 0 comments Cited 329 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review.

            Thomas Halton, Frank Hu (2004)
            For years, proponents of some fad diets have claimed that higher amounts of protein facilitate weight loss. Only in recent years have studies begun to examine the effects of high protein diets on energy expenditure, subsequent energy intake and weight loss as compared to lower protein diets. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of randomized investigations on the effects of high protein diets on dietary thermogenesis, satiety, body weight and fat loss. There is convincing evidence that a higher protein intake increases thermogenesis and satiety compared to diets of lower protein content. The weight of evidence also suggests that high protein meals lead to a reduced subsequent energy intake. Some evidence suggests that diets higher in protein result in an increased weight loss and fat loss as compared to diets lower in protein, but findings have not been consistent. In dietary practice, it may be beneficial to partially replace refined carbohydrate with protein sources that are low in saturated fat. Although recent evidence supports potential benefit, rigorous longer-term studies are needed to investigate the effects of high protein diets on weight loss and weight maintenance.
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              The Effect of Exercise on Visceral Adipose Tissue in Overweight Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

              Dirk Vissers, Wendy Hens, Jan Taeymans … (2013)
              Excessive visceral adipose tissue appears to trigger a cascade of metabolic disturbances that seem to coexist with ectopic fat storage in muscle, liver, heart and the ß-cell. Therefore, the reduction of visceral adipose tissue potentially plays a pivotal role in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to describe the overall effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue and to provide an overview of the effect of different exercise regimes, without caloric restriction, on visceral adipose tissue in obese persons. A systematic literature search was performed according to the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The initial search resulted in 87 articles after removing duplicates. After screening on title, abstract and full-text 15 articles (totalling 852 subjects) fulfilled the a priori inclusion criteria. The quality of each eligible study was assessed in duplicate with “The Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies”. Using random-effects weights, the standardized mean difference (Hedge's g) of the change in visceral adipose tissue was −0.497 with a 95% confidence interval of −0.655 to −0.340. The Z-value was −6.183 and the p-value (two tailed) was <0.001. A subgroup analysis was performed based on gender, type of training and intensity. Aerobic training of moderate or high intensity has the highest potential to reduce visceral adipose tissue in overweight males and females. These results suggest that an aerobic exercise program, without hypocaloric diet, can show beneficial effects to reduce visceral adipose tissue with more than 30 cm2 (on CT analysis) in women and more than 40 cm2 in men, even after 12 weeks.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Med Sci Sports Exerc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Med Sci Sports Exerc
                Journal ID (publisher-id): MSS
                Title: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
                Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
                ISSN (Print): 0195-9131
                ISSN (Electronic): 1530-0315
                Publication date (Print): August 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 July 2014
                Volume: 46
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 1517-1524
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Center for General Education, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, TAIWAN; 2Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, TAIWAN; and 3Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, TAIWAN
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Chi-Chang Huang, Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, No. 250, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Township, Taoyuan County 33301, Taiwan (ROC); E-mails: john5523@ 123456ntsu.edu.tw and d301090007@ 123456gmail.com .
                Article
                Publisher ID: MSS31031 Accession ID: 00006
                DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000272
                PMC ID: 4186725
                PubMed ID: 24504433
                SO-VID: d97d7817-f14f-45be-a5be-226733f27acc
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 by the American College of Sports Medicine
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0.

                History
                Date received : October 2013
                Date accepted : December 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Basic Sciences
                Custom metadata
                OPEN-ACCESS TRUE

                Keywords: whey protein,exercise training,exercise performance,ergogenic aid
                Data availability:
                Keywords: whey protein, exercise training, exercise performance, ergogenic aid

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