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      Association of Polymorphisms within the Serotonin Receptor Genes 5-HTR1A, 5-HTR1B, 5-HTR2A and 5-HTR2C and Migraine Susceptibility in a Turkish Population

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          Abstract

          Objective

          Migraine, a highly prevelant headache disorder, is regarded as a polygenic multifactorial disease. Serotonin (5-HT) and their respective receptors have been implicated in the patogenesis.

          Methods

          We investigated the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptor gene polymorphisms and their association with migraine in Turkish patients. The rs6295, rs1300060, rs1228814, rs6311, rs6313, rs6314, rs6318, rs3813929 (−759C/T) and rs518147 polymorphisms were analyzed in 135 patients with migraine and 139 healthy subjects, using a BioMark 96.96 dynamic array system.

          Results

          We found no difference in the frequency of the analyzed eight out of nine polymorpisms between migraine and control groups. However, a significant association was found between the rs3813929 polymorphism in the promoter region of 5-HTR2C gene and migraine. Also, the allele of rs3813929 was more common in the migraine group.

          Conclusion

          This result suggests that the 5-HTR2C rs3813929 polymorphism can be a genetic risk factor for migraine in a Turkish population.

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          Most cited references29

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          Molecular biology of 5-HT receptors.

          Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter whose effects are mediated by at least 13 distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the type A family which includes the monoamine receptors and a combination of ligand-gated ion channels (5-HT3) of the Cys loop family which constitutes heteropentamers. 5-HT receptors are currently divided into seven classes (5-HT1 to 5-HT7), based on structural, transductional and operational features. While this degree of physical diversity clearly underscores the physiological importance of serotonin, evidence for an even greater degree of operational diversity is supported by the existence of a great number of splice and editing variants for several 5-HT receptors, their possible modulation by accessory proteins and chaperones, as well as their potential to form homo or heteromers both at the GPCR and at the ligand-gated channel level.
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            Impaired repression at a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor gene polymorphism associated with major depression and suicide.

            Inhibition of serotonergic raphe neurons is mediated by somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors, which may be increased in depressed patients. We report an association of the C(-1019)G 5-HT1A promoter polymorphism with major depression and suicide in separate cohorts. In depressed patients, the homozygous G(-1019) allele was enriched twofold versus controls (p = 0.0017 and 0.0006 for G/G genotype and G allele distribution, respectively), and in completed suicide cases the G(-1019) allele was enriched fourfold (p = 0.002 and 0.00008 for G/G genotype and G allele distribution, respectively). The C(-1019) allele was part of a 26 bp imperfect palindrome that bound transcription factors nuclear NUDR [nuclear deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor (DEAF-1)]/suppressin and Hairy/Enhancer-of-split-5 (Drosophila) (Hes5) to repress 5-HT1A or heterologous promoters, whereas the G(-1019) allele abolished repression by NUDR, but only partially impaired Hes5-mediated repression. Recombinant NUDR bound specifically to the 26 bp palindrome, and endogenous NUDR was present in the major protein-DNA complex from raphe nuclear extracts. Stable expression of NUDR in raphe cells reduced levels of endogenous 5-HT1A protein and binding. NUDR protein was colocalized with 5-HT1A receptors in serotonergic raphe cells, hippocampal and cortical neurons, and adult brain regions including raphe nuclei, indicating a role in regulating 5-HT1A autoreceptor expression. Our data indicate that NUDR is a repressor of the 5-HT1A receptor in raphe cells the function of which is abrogated by a promoter polymorphism. We suggest a novel transcriptional model in which the G(-1019) allele derepresses 5-HT1A autoreceptor expression to reduce serotonergic neurotransmission, predisposing to depression and suicide.
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              Genetic and environmental influences on migraine: a twin study across six countries.

              Migraine is a common neurovascular brain disorder that is manifested in recurrent episodes of disabling headache. The aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence and heritability of migraine across six of the countries that participate in GenomEUtwin project including a total number of 29,717 twin pairs. Migraine was assessed by questionnaires that differed between most countries. It was most prevalent in Danish and Dutch females (32% and 34%, respectively), whereas the lowest prevalence was found in the younger and older Finnish cohorts (13% and 10%, respectively). The estimated genetic variance (heritability) was significant and the same between sexes in all countries. Heritability ranged from 34% to 57%, with lowest estimates in Australia, and highest estimates in the older cohort of Finland, the Netherlands, and Denmark. There was some indication that part of the genetic variance was non-additive, but this was significant in Sweden only. In addition to genetic factors, environmental effects that are non-shared between members of a twin pair contributed to the liability of migraine. After migraine definitions are homogenized among the participating countries, the GenomEUtwin project will provide a powerful resource to identify the genes involved in migraine.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci
                Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci
                Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
                Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology
                1738-1088
                2093-4327
                August 2016
                31 August 2016
                : 14
                : 3
                : 250-255
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Neurology, Dicle University, Medical Faculty, Diyarbakır, Turkey
                [2 ]Department of Medical Genetics, Dicle University, Medical Faculty, Diyarbakır, Turkey
                [3 ]Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
                [4 ]Department of Psychiatry, Afsin State Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Salih Coşkun, MD, Dicle Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Genetik A.D., 21280, Sur/Diyarbakır, Turkey, Tel: +90-0412-248-80-01, Fax: +90-0412-248-84-40, E-mail: scoskun9@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                cpn-14-250
                10.9758/cpn.2016.14.3.250
                4977812
                27489378
                d985317f-7b53-4d61-9290-8782e555f468
                Copyright © 2016, Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology

                This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 09 November 2015
                : 28 December 2015
                : 29 December 2015
                Categories
                Original Article

                migraine disorders,single nucleotide polymorphism,receptor,serotonin,5-ht2c,genetic association studies,headache

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