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      Alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in never smokers Translated title: Consumo de alcohol y riesgo de cáncer de pulmón en personas nunca fumadoras

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          Abstract

          Objective: The main objective of this study is to analyse the role of alcohol consumption on lung cancer risk in people who have never smoked. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature following the PRISMA statement. We searched Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL using different combinations of MeSH terms and free text. We included cohort studies, pooled cohort studies and case-control studies comprising at least 25 anatomopathologically-confirmed diagnoses of lung cancer cases, a sample size larger than 100 individuals and more than five years of follow-up for cohort studies. We excluded studies that did not specifically report results for never smokers. We developed a quality score to assess the quality of the included papers and we ultimately included 14 investigations with a heterogeneous design and methodology. Results: Results for alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in never smokers are inconclusive; however, several studies showed a dose-response pattern for total alcohol consumption and for spirits. Heterogeneous results were found for wine and beer. Conclusion: No clear effect is observed for alcohol consumption. Due to the limited evidence, no conclusion can be drawn for beer or wine consumption. There is little research available on the effect of alcohol on lung cancer risk for people who have never smoked, and more studies are urgently needed on this topic.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo: El objetivo principal es analizar el papel que el consumo de alcohol desempeña en el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón en personas que nunca han fumado. Métodos: Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica siguiendo la Declaración PRISMA. Se realizaron búsquedas en Medline, EMBASE y CINAHL utilizando diferentes combinaciones de términos MeSH y texto libre. Incluimos estudios de cohortes, cohortes agrupadas y estudios de casos y controles que cumpliesen: mínimo de 25 casos de cáncer de pulmón confirmados por anatomía patológica, muestra total de al menos 100 individuos y más de 5 años de seguimiento en estudios de cohortes. Se excluyeron aquellos trabajos que no aportasen resultados individualizados para las personas no fumadoras. Se desarrolló una escala de calidad para valorar los trabajos incluidos. Finalmente, se incluyeron 14 investigaciones, con un diseño y una metodología heterogéneos. Resultados: Los resultados para el consumo de alcohol y el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón en personas nunca fumadoras no son concluyentes. Sin embargo, varios estudios muestran un patrón de dosis-respuesta para el consumo total y para el consumo de bebidas espirituosas. Los resultados obtenidos para vino y cerveza son heterogéneos. Conclusión: No se observa un efecto claro para el consumo de alcohol. Debido a la limitada evidencia, no puede obtenerse ninguna conclusión para el consumo de cerveza y vino. Hay pocas investigaciones disponibles sobre el efecto del alcohol en el riesgo de cáncer de pulmón en personas que nunca han fumado. Se necesitan, con urgencia, más estudios sobre este tema.

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          Global cancer statistics, 2012.

          Cancer constitutes an enormous burden on society in more and less economically developed countries alike. The occurrence of cancer is increasing because of the growth and aging of the population, as well as an increasing prevalence of established risk factors such as smoking, overweight, physical inactivity, and changing reproductive patterns associated with urbanization and economic development. Based on GLOBOCAN estimates, about 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million deaths occurred in 2012 worldwide. Over the years, the burden has shifted to less developed countries, which currently account for about 57% of cases and 65% of cancer deaths worldwide. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among males in both more and less developed countries, and has surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among females in more developed countries; breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death among females in less developed countries. Other leading causes of cancer death in more developed countries include colorectal cancer among males and females and prostate cancer among males. In less developed countries, liver and stomach cancer among males and cervical cancer among females are also leading causes of cancer death. Although incidence rates for all cancers combined are nearly twice as high in more developed than in less developed countries in both males and females, mortality rates are only 8% to 15% higher in more developed countries. This disparity reflects regional differences in the mix of cancers, which is affected by risk factors and detection practices, and/or the availability of treatment. Risk factors associated with the leading causes of cancer death include tobacco use (lung, colorectal, stomach, and liver cancer), overweight/obesity and physical inactivity (breast and colorectal cancer), and infection (liver, stomach, and cervical cancer). A substantial portion of cancer cases and deaths could be prevented by broadly applying effective prevention measures, such as tobacco control, vaccination, and the use of early detection tests. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
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            Epidemiology of lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.

            Ever since a lung cancer epidemic emerged in the mid-1900 s, the epidemiology of lung cancer has been intensively investigated to characterize its causes and patterns of occurrence. This report summarizes the key findings of this research. A detailed literature search provided the basis for a narrative review, identifying and summarizing key reports on population patterns and factors that affect lung cancer risk. Established environmental risk factors for lung cancer include smoking cigarettes and other tobacco products and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, occupational lung carcinogens, radiation, and indoor and outdoor air pollution. Cigarette smoking is the predominant cause of lung cancer and the leading worldwide cause of cancer death. Smoking prevalence in developing nations has increased, starting new lung cancer epidemics in these nations. A positive family history and acquired lung disease are examples of host factors that are clinically useful risk indicators. Risk prediction models based on lung cancer risk factors have been developed, but further refinement is needed to provide clinically useful risk stratification. Promising biomarkers of lung cancer risk and early detection have been identified, but none are ready for broad clinical application. Almost all lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking, underscoring the need for ongoing efforts at tobacco control throughout the world. Further research is needed into the reasons underlying lung cancer disparities, the causes of lung cancer in never smokers, the potential role of HIV in lung carcinogenesis, and the development of biomarkers.
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              Personal habits and indoor combustions. Volume 100 E. A review of human carcinogens.

              (2012)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                August 2016
                : 30
                : 4
                : 311-317
                Affiliations
                [03] orgnameCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Spain
                [01] orgnameUniversity Hospital Complex of A Coruña orgdiv1Service of Preventive Medicine Spain
                [02] Santiago de Compostela orgnameUniversity of Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Department of Preventive Medicine and public Health Spain
                Article
                S0213-91112016000400014
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.03.017
                27266513
                d9d86c30-dc17-4b4e-a6cb-a0625e8e8bb5

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 January 2016
                : 31 March 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Etanol,Neoplasias pulmonares,Nunca fumadores,Revisión,Ethanol,Lung neoplasms,Never smokers,Review

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