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      Influence of Maternal Milk on the Neonatal Intestinal Microbiome

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          Abstract

          The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in maintaining health throughout life. The microbiota develops progressively after birth and is influenced by many factors, including the mode of delivery, antibiotics, and diet. Maternal milk is critically important to the development of the neonatal intestinal microbiota. Different bioactive components of milk, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulins, modify the composition of the neonatal microbiota. In this article, we review the role of each of these maternal milk-derived bioactive factors on the microbiota and how this modulation of intestinal bacteria shapes health, and disease.

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          Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis.

          Seth Rakoff-Nahoum, Justin Paglino, Fatima Eslami-Varzaneh … (2004)
          Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in host defense against microbial infection. The microbial ligands recognized by TLRs are not unique to pathogens, however, and are produced by both pathogenic and commensal microorganisms. It is thought that an inflammatory response to commensal bacteria is avoided due to sequestration of microflora by surface epithelia. Here, we show that commensal bacteria are recognized by TLRs under normal steady-state conditions, and this interaction plays a crucial role in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Furthermore, we find that activation of TLRs by commensal microflora is critical for the protection against gut injury and associated mortality. These findings reveal a novel function of TLRs-control of intestinal epithelial homeostasis and protection from injury-and provide a new perspective on the evolution of host-microbial interactions.
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            An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system.

            Sarkis Mazmanian, Cui Hua Liu, Arthur O Tzianabos … (2005)
            The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex ecosystem consisting of countless bacteria in homeostasis with the host immune system. Shaped by evolution, this partnership has potential for symbiotic benefit. However, the identities of bacterial molecules mediating symbiosis remain undefined. Here we show that, during colonization of animals with the ubiquitous gut microorganism Bacteroides fragilis, a bacterial polysaccharide (PSA) directs the cellular and physical maturation of the developing immune system. Comparison with germ-free animals reveals that the immunomodulatory activities of PSA during B. fragilis colonization include correcting systemic T cell deficiencies and T(H)1/T(H)2 imbalances and directing lymphoid organogenesis. A PSA mutant of B. fragilis does not restore these immunologic functions. PSA presented by intestinal dendritic cells activates CD4+ T cells and elicits appropriate cytokine production. These findings provide a molecular basis for host-bacterial symbiosis and reveal the archetypal molecule of commensal bacteria that mediates development of the host immune system.
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              Immunoglobulin A coating identifies colitogenic bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease.

              Noah W Palm, Marcel de Zoete, Thomas W Cullen … (2014)
              Specific members of the intestinal microbiota dramatically affect inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice. In humans, however, identifying bacteria that preferentially affect disease susceptibility and severity remains a major challenge. Here, we used flow-cytometry-based bacterial cell sorting and 16S sequencing to characterize taxa-specific coating of the intestinal microbiota with immunoglobulin A (IgA-SEQ) and show that high IgA coating uniquely identifies colitogenic intestinal bacteria in a mouse model of microbiota-driven colitis. We then used IgA-SEQ and extensive anaerobic culturing of fecal bacteria from IBD patients to create personalized disease-associated gut microbiota culture collections with predefined levels of IgA coating. Using these collections, we found that intestinal bacteria selected on the basis of high coating with IgA conferred dramatic susceptibility to colitis in germ-free mice. Thus, our studies suggest that IgA coating identifies inflammatory commensals that preferentially drive intestinal disease. Targeted elimination of such bacteria may reduce, reverse, or even prevent disease development. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutrients
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutrients
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nutrients
                Title: Nutrients
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6643
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 March 2020
                Publication date Collection: March 2020
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 823
                Affiliations
                R. K. Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA; kpg13@ 123456pitt.edu
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: timothy.hand@ 123456chp.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2684-9462
                Article
                Publisher ID: nutrients-12-00823
                DOI: 10.3390/nu12030823
                PMC ID: 7146310
                PubMed ID: 32244880
                SO-VID: da0b650f-59f8-41f9-b7a6-42f06ca90ec5
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 January 2020
                Date accepted : 18 March 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: maternal milk,breast milk,secretory iga,neonatal microbiome,lactoferrin,human milk oligosaccharides
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: maternal milk, breast milk, secretory iga, neonatal microbiome, lactoferrin, human milk oligosaccharides

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